폴란드어와 한국어 분류사의 대조 연구

A Contrastive Study on Classifiers used in the Polish and the Korean Language

The aim of this study is to analyze the group of lexical markers of parameterization of the world with the focus on unconventional units of measure used with concrete nouns in the Polish language and compare them with those used in the Korean. The study consists of three main parts, a brief introduction and an <Appendix>. The introduction presents the definition of classifiers along with their brief characteristics. The first section describes grammatical and semantic characteristics of Polish classifiers. Since classifiers used as unconventional units of measure in the Polish language are mainly common nouns they have declension as regular nouns. This means that not only do they decline in order to distinguish case and number but they also have an inherent gender as well. While describing mainly uncountable nouns a classifier becomes a constituent of a noun phrase along with a numeral and an optional adjective. While counting countable nouns appearing in small numbers the noun phrase usually consists of a numeral and the referent only. However, in cases of groups or bigger numbers of countable nouns the noun phrase additionally contains a classifier as well. Nevertheless, in some cases of uncountable nouns, especially in the spoken language, classifiers can also be omitted. It means that there are two basic types of noun phrases with classifiers in the Polish language; they are ‘Q-A-Cl-UN[CN]gen’ and ‘Q-Cl-UN[CN]gen’. In the sentence structure the classifier becomes the subject or the object(direct or indirect one). As far as semantic features of both Polish and Korean classifiers are concerned not only do they enable nouns to be counted but also some of them categorize the referent in terms of shape, size and other inherent properties. On the basis of their distributional characteristics it is easy noticeable that some of them appear with one particular noun only, while others with numerous nouns of the same class. The second section focuses on the grammatical and semantic characteristics of classifiers which are widely used in the Korean language. Korean classifiers can combine with postposition(particles) in the same way as regular nouns, however, they cannot take the plural. This explains why the numeral is an inevitable part of a noun phrase with classifier and at the same time the only attribute which classifier can take. There are basically two noun phrase construction patterns with classifiers, they are as follows: ‘N-Q-Cl’, ‘Q-Clgen.-N’. Since ‘genuine classifiers’ are synsemantic words, unlike autosemantic ones (also used as classifiers), they cannot become the subject, the object etc. of a sentence by themselves. Furthermore, combining the nominative or the accusative case with classifiers leads to making a sentence construction with two subjects or two objects respectively. The last section of this paper describes similarities and dissimilarities between classifiers of the Polish and the Korean language. The results of this study are divided into grammatical and semantic features respectively and presented separately. The <Appendix> includes a list of more than a hundred of unconventional units of measure, used as classifiers in the Polish language, upon which the following research was based.