五代시기 “燕雲16州” 割讓의 역사적 배경 고찰

The History of “Yan-Yun 16 Prefectures” during the Five Dynasties: Focusing on the Later Jin dynasty, 936-947

이 논문은 중국사에서 지금까지 논란의 여지가 있는 주요 사건 중 하나인 후진시기의 “연운16주” 할양을 당시의 시대적 배경을 중심으로 고찰해보고, 또한 후대에 끼친 영향도 알아보았다. 본 고는 먼저 “연운16주”의 역사적 배경과 전략적 가치를 진한 시기부터 당 후기까지 살펴보았다. 그런 다음 후진 왕조를 세운 석경당이 거란의 군사원조를 얻기 위해 “연운16주”라는 전략적 요충지를 기어이 거란에 넘겨주어야만 했는지에관한 당시 상황에 주목하였다. 여기에서는 석경당뿐만 아니라, 그의 이와 같은 영토할양 결정에 큰 영향을 끼친 상유한과 유지원, 그리고 조덕균이라는 인물과 그들과 관련된 사건 중심으로 각자의 입장도 들여다보았다. 이처럼 당시의 시대적 맥락과 주요 인물들이 처한 특정 상황을 자세히 분석함으로써, 이 역사적 사건을 다차원적으로 이해해 보려 하였다. 마지막으로 북송까지의 역사를 중심으로 “연운16주” 할양이 중국사에 끼친 역사적 의의를 알아보고, 나아가 동아시아 속에서의 “연운16주” 할양이 지닌 역사적의의도 함께 살펴보았다.

Historically, “Yan-Yun 16 Prefectures (燕雲16州)” were some of the important strategical places in early imperial China. These areas, which started in modern day Datong (大同) and ended in Tianjin (天津), included the capital city, Beijing (北 京) and were just below location of the Great Wall (長城). The main reason why the “Yan-Yun 16 Prefectures” were created by the imperial Chinese government was to better defend the border from threatening nomadic tribes such as the Xiongnu (匈奴), Xianbei (鮮卑), Youran (柔然), Turks (突厥) and Khitans (契丹), who had consistently attempted to break into the economically and culturally prospering Chinese empire. In other words, imperial China installed the prefectures as a major military bases to solidify state security. Although there are many past studies on the “Yan-Yun 16 Prefectures,” there are still many un-answered historical questions, including why the Later Jin (後晉) had ceded this strategic area to the Khitan Empire. More specifically, why the first emperor of the Later Jin agreed to this bad policy decision made by his main political advisor Sang Weihan (桑維翰)? And Why did Sang himself, who was one of the top elites in the Chinese Empire, made such a suggestion to the emperor? Finally, during the cessation of the prefectures to the Khitans, what was the position and role of the military warlords, Liu Zhiyuan (劉知遠) and Zhao Dejun (趙德鈞)? In order to answer these questions, this paper is delved into the historical background of the “Yan-Yun 16 Prefectures” in the first chapter and examines the strategic importance of these areas from the Qin-Han (秦漢) through late Tang (唐後期). Following this, the paper investigates the main reasons as to why the Later Jin ceded the prefectures to the Khitan empire through carefully analyzing the roles of four individuals, specifically emperor Shi Jingtang (石敬塘), Sang Weihan, Liu Zhiyuan and Zhao Dejun. Finally, in the last chapter, the paper discusses the historical significance of the “Yan-Yun 16 Prefectures” through analysis of the Later period of Five Dynasties up to mid Northern Song when the Chinese Empire significantly re-established its diplomatic relations with the Koryo dynasty in 1071. Through the re-examination of the “Yan-Yun 16 Prefectures,” this paper hope to make an academic contribution to the scholarly world and help us to understand the politically / militarily significant areas in imperial Chinese history.