자평명리학의 운명가능론과 그의 변천

Ja-pyeong's theory of possible fate and its Transformation: centered on Seo Ja-pyeong, Jin Soam, and Lim Cheol-cho

본고는 북송 초 자평명리학을 창시한 서자평의 운명가능론이 남송대 이후의 주요 계승자를 거치는 동안 어떻게 계승되고 변천되는지를 고찰한 것이다. 서자평은『낙록자삼명소식부주』에서 사치를 경계하고 修身俟命을 강조하면서 積善으로 액막이를 하면 흉한 가운데 다시 길할 것이라는 운명가능론을 취했다. 진소암은 선행과 악행은 물론 생각만으로도 수명이 늘어나기도 하고 줄어들기도 한다고 주장하면서 積善을 강조하고 福善禍淫의 불변성을 강조했다. 진소암은 명을 좌우하는 영향 측면에서 팔자 간지보다 積善을 상위 개념으로 인식하고 積善을 통해 改命에 성공한 사례를 제시했다. 임철초는 善의 실천을 강조하고, 선행의 방법으로서 재산의 증여를 들었는데, 종교단체에 기부하면 효과가 전혀 없고 가난한 친족에게 나누어야 改命의 효과가 있다고 주장했다. 또한 덕을 닦으면 보답을 받고 사람의 일을 만회할 수 있다고 하면서 改命의 목적성을 띤 선행도 효과가 있다고 했다. 그리고 부모나 조상의 공덕이 소아의 명에 영향을 미치고, 사람의 명은 팔자 간지는 물론 풍수지리에 의한 조상묘와 조상의 공덕이 복합적으로 작용한다고 보았다. 서자평과 진소암 및 임철초는 공통적으로 積善을 통해 改命할 수 있다고 인식했다. 다만 서자평의 명정론이 소극적인 운명가능론이라면 진소암과 임철초의 명정론은 적극적인 운명가능론이라 할 수 있으며, 그 중에서도 진소암이 가장 적극적인 편이다.

This article examines how Seo Ja-pyeong's theory of possible fate, which founded the study of Japyeong Myeongri in the early North Song Dynasty, is inherited and changed during the major successors after the Southern Song Dynasty. Seo Ja-pyeong was wary of luxury and emphasized on the doing one's bestand waiting Heaven's decree and took the theory of possible fate that if he blocked it with his accumulation of virtuous deeds, he would return in a bad way. Jin So-am emphasized accumulation of virtuous deeds and the immutability of misdeed, arguing that good deeds and evil deeds, as well as life expectancy, could increase or decrease just by thinking about them. Jin So-am recognized accumulation of virtuous deeds as a higher concept than nasolabial folds in terms of the influence that determines the life, and presented an example of successful 改命 through accumulation of virtuous deeds. Lim Cheol-cho emphasized the practice of virtue and listened to the donation of property as a way of good deeds, but donating to a religious organization has no effect and should be shared with poor relatives He argued that there was an effect of changing Heaven's decree. In addition, it was said that if you cultivate virtue, you can receive rewards and make up for people's work, and the purposeful good deeds of changing Heaven's decree were also considered to be effective. In addition, it was considered that the virtue of parents or ancestors influenced the name of a child. In addition, it was considered that the person's name was a combination of not only the nasolabial folds but also the ancestors' graves and ancestors' virtues based on feng shui. Seo Ja-pyeong, Jinso-am, and Im Cheol-cho saw that they can change Heaven's decree through accumulation of virtuous deeds in common. However, if Seo Ja-pyeong's theory of naming is a passive theory of possible fate, Jin So-am and Im Cheol-cho's theory of naming can be said to be a positive theory of possible fate, and among them, Jin So-am is the most active.