「신라촌락문서」의 연령구분과 촌락사회

A Study on the Age Classification System of Silla Village Register and the Social Situation of the Villages

필자는 지난해에 <「신라촌락문서」의 인구통계와 그 작성 시기>를 발표하여, 「신라촌락문서」의 원장은 818년, 그리고 추기는 819년에 작성되었음을 밝힌 바 있다. 본고는 당시에 미루어 놓았던 「신라촌락문서」의 6개 등급의 연령구분과 除公(母), 老公(母)의 문제를 신라 하대 禪師들의 行狀을 바탕으로 작성된 비문과 나주 복암리 목간(404호)의 除의 용법을 바탕으로 밝히고자 하였다. 곧 除公(母)은 60세부터 69세로서 군역이나 요역이 면제되지만 田作으로 田租만을 바치는 존재이며, 老公(母)은 70세 이상을 지칭하였던 것으로 판단하였다. 또한 동 문서의 薩下知村의 余子와 法私의 성격을, 『주례』 小司徒조의 ‘余子’의 용례, 그리고 나주 복암리(405호)의 ‘法戶’, 그리고 팔거산성 목간의 王私, 私의 용법으로부터, 6세기 전반의 王私, 私로 지칭되던 私屬人이 9세기 초반 「신라촌락문서」에 法私로 전승된 것으로 생각하였다. 아울러 ‘서원경-일명의 D촌’이란 행정체계에 대한 의문에서 시작하여, 內視令과 省狀의 성격을 검토함으로써 이들 4개 촌락이 내성 관할의 왕실직속촌임을 밝혔다. 또한 본 촌락문서의 통계가 갑오년(814)부터 헌덕왕 11년(819)까지라는 점에 주목하여 각 촌락의 인구성장율과 인구증가율, 사회증가율, 남녀 인구 성비, 부양비율 등을 추출하여, 당시 서원경 주변 촌락사회에 일어난 사회변동과 동요가 홍수와 기근, 초적들의 발호에 있었음을 살폈다.

Last year, I published a research paper titled “A Study on the Demographics Recorded in Silla Village Register and the Year of Creation of the Documents” and revealed that the original record of the register was written in 818 and the additional record was attached in 819. This paper aimed to clarify the age classification of the six grades shown in Silla Village Register and the issues of Jegong(mo) and Rogong(mo) in relation to the epitaphs written based on the rhetoric shown in the records of Silla Zen masters’ lives and the use of ‘除 (Je)’ in the wooden tablet of Naju Bokamri No. 404. As a result, it was elucidated that Jegong (mo) referred to people between the ages of 60 to 69, who were exempted from military duties or public labor, but paid taxes as a crop harvested from dry field corm cultivation, and Rogong (mo) referred to people over 70 years of age. In addition, the characteristics of Yeoja and Bupsa described in the Sahajichon section of the register were analyzed based on the examples of Yeoja shown in the Xiaositu chapter of Zhouli, of Bupho in the wooden tablet of Naju Bokamri No. 405, and of Wangsa and Sa in the wooden tablets excavated from Mt. Palgeo Fortress in Daegu. As a result, it was analyzed that Sasokin, which was referred to as Wangsa and Sa in the first half of the 6th century, was written as Bupsa in Silla Village Register in the early 9th century. Starting with the question of the administrative system of ‘Seowonkyung-unidentified D community,’ it was revealed that these four villages were direct royal household villages under the jurisdiction of Naeseong by reviewing the characteristics of Naesiryong and Seongjang. In addition, by noting that the statistics of this register are from the gapin year (814) to the 11th year of King Heondeok (819), the population growth rate, the rate of increase in population, the rate of social increase, the gender ratio of men and women, and the support ratio of each village were extracted. Through this, it was figured that the social changes and disturbances that occurred in the village society around Seowongyeong at the time were caused by floods, famine, and the outbreak of bandits.