조선시대 궁궐 별원(別苑) 함춘원(含春苑)의 성립과 전개

The Origin and The Development of an Outer Royal Garden “Hamchunwon” during the Joseon Dynasty

조선시대 궁궐 별원은 대내후원(大內後苑)과 대별되는 궁궐 밖의 원유(苑囿)로서, 궁장과 인접한 동산에 담장을 둘러쌓아 외인들의 출입과 조망을 통제한 금원으로 정의된다. 별 원 의 제 도 는 성 종 때 창 경 궁 밖 언 덕 에 담 장을 두르고 함춘원이라 했던 것을 시초로 하며, 비슷한 시기 창덕궁 서쪽 궁장 밖에도 상림원으로 명명된 별원이설치된 것으로 추정된다. 광해군 때에는 경덕궁이 창건되면서 개양문 밖 언덕에 함춘원이라는 별원이 새롭게 조성되었는데, 이는 선행 별원의 제도를 전범으로 삼아 만들어진 것이었다. 별원은 궁궐의 풍수적 국면에 직접적인영향을 미치는 지형이었기에 금역으로 각별히 관리되었다. 별원이 조성된 뒤로는 담장 안의 공터가 생산지의 역할을 담당했는데, 녹음수와 유실수 등으로 이루어진 수림이 조성되어 왕실에 소요되는 과실이 충당되기도 했다. 문헌사료에 나타난 궁궐 별원의 이름은 함춘원이 다수를 차지하며, 상림원, 서원, 방림원 등 같은 이명들도 발견된다. 이중 함춘원은 개별 별원명으로 사용되었으나 18세기 중반부터 도성 별원 전체를 통칭하는 보편적 이름으로 사용되었다.

The outer royal palace during the Joseon Dynasty was a royal garden outside the palace, which is defined as one that which controlled entry and view of the people outside given the walls built to surround the hills adjacent to the palace walls. The outer royal garden system began with a wall outside of Changgyeonggung Palace, which was called “Hamchunwon (含春苑)” during the reign of King Seongjong, and around the same time, it was estimated that another was installed and named “Sangrinwon (上林苑)” outside of the palace walls to the east of Changdeokgung Palace. During the time of Gwanghaegun (光海君), when Gyeongdeokgung Palace was built, a new outer royal garden called “Hamchunwon” was formed on the hill outside of Gaeyangmun Gate (開陽門), which was classically modeled after the previously executed outer royal garden system. Since the outer royal garden was of a topography which directly affected the feng shui related aspects of the palace, it was especially managed as a prohibited area. After the outer royal garden was built, the vacant land within the wall took on the role of a production area, and a forest made of shade and fruit trees, etc., was created to provide timber and fruits for the royal families. Hamchunwon accounts for the vast majority of the names of the outer royal gardens emerging across historical documents, while other names emerged including Sangrimwon, “Seowon (西苑)”, and “Bangrimwon (芳林院)”. Among which, Hamchunwon was used as a name of each individual outer royal garden, yet since the mid-18th century, it has been used as a universal name for the outer royal garden of the entire capital city.