6~7세기 신라 병부의 조직정비와 병마행정의 변화

The Organizational Alignment of Silla Military Departments and Changes in Military Administration in the 6th and 7th century

라사의 6~7세기는 상고기의 전통적 행정운영경험을 기초로 국가체제를 재편한 시기이다. 6~7세기까지의 신라에서 병마업무의 양·중요성은 지속 증대되었다. 병부의 성립 후 조직정비에 160여년이나 소요된 것은 상고기의 중요 國事 중 하나인 內外兵馬事의 재편 문제가 전제되기 때문이다. 병부 담당업무의 기원은 이사금시기 고관이 담당한 兼知(內外)兵馬事·委軍國事에서 찾을 수 있다. 軍事·國事는 이사금시기부터 분리될 수 있었으며, 군사의 중요도가 상대적으로 더 높았다. 군사 중 군정권·군령권은 이사금시기에도 구분되는 것이 일반적이었다. 마립간시기에는 군사전문가인 장군이 제도화된 상설관직으로 등장하여 복수의 장군이 군정권·군령권을 分掌하였다. 장군의 제도화는 현직 장군 및 예비자의 인사·관리업무가 국가차원의 과제로 전환됨을 의미한다. 또 재화·인력은 유한하므로, 병마업무가 양적·질적으로 팽창하면서 병마행정을 일원적·효율적·체계적으로 처리할 수 있는 제도적 장치가 필요해졌다. 상기 흐름에서 병부가 성립하였고, 병부의 운영은 조직에 기준하여 4시기로 구분된다. Ⅰ기 병부는 令 2인-史 12인으로 구성되었다. Ⅰ기 병부는 Ⅱ기 이후 병부 업무를 일정정도 담당하면서, 변화된 병마행정을 담당하기 위한 기초 작업을 중심으로 운영되었다. Ⅱ기 병부는 令 2인-大監 2인-弟監 2인-史 12인으로 구성되었고, Ⅲ기 병부의 조직에도 영향을 미쳤다. Ⅱ기 병부의 조직은 신라 병부 조직의 근간이며, Ⅱ기 병부는 Ⅳ기 이후 병부 업무의 대부분을 관장하였다. 또 Ⅱ·Ⅲ기 병부는 후대 선부의 업무도 관할하였다. Ⅳ기 병부는 선부 업무를 관장하지 않았고, 弩 관련 관리업무의 전문화가 시도되었다. 신라는 6세기 중반 노를 배치·운용하였고, 7세기에는 우수한 노 제작 기술을 보유하였다. 나당전쟁을 목전에 둔 상황에서 노 관련 정보관리의 중요성이 증대되자, 弩師·弩兵의 명부나 노의 총량에 관한 장부를 전담하는 노사지·노당이 신설되었다.

The 6th and 7th centuries of Silla history were the periods when the government reorganized the national system based on the traditional administrative experience and convention in the Upper-Ancient period(上古期). The amount and the importance of military administrations in Silla from the 6th to the 7th century have steadily increased. The 160-year-long organization process since the establishment of the military was due to the fact that the reorganization of the in and out military office, one of the most important national tasks in the Silla Upper-Ancient period should have settled down first. The origin of the military administration can be traced back to the branch office under the supervision of the high public officer in Isageum period. The defence task could be systematically separated and perform its function from Isageum period ; the military operation was of a greater importance in that period. It was generally acknowledged that the military government and the military authority were distinguished. During Maripgan period, the general, a military expert, appeared as an institutionalized permanent public officer, and multiple generals took charge of the military sovereignty and authority. The institutionalization of generals meant that the personnel and management tasks of the current and reserve general would be switched to national tasks. In addition, considering the limits of goods and human resources, an institutional mechanism was needed to deal with the increased amount of time and money spent on military administration in a single, efficient, and systematic manner. In this trajectory, the military department was established, and its management can be explained by four periods divisions based on the characteristic of the organization and unit. The first period was composed of two Ryong(令) and twelve Sa(史). The military department in the first period performed a pre-requisite task to take charge of settling down the changed administration. The military department in the second period was composed of two Ryong, two Daegam(大監), two Jegam(弟監) and twelve Sa and played an important role in the formation of the subsequent organization in the third period. The organization of the second period laid the foundation of the Silla military organization, and controlled most of the functions of the military department after the fourth period. The second and third periods were, in part, in charge of the later units. On the other hand, in the fourth period the military department was not in charge of the later units, but, rather, sought to be specialized in the maintenance of ballista. Silla deployed and operated ballista soldiers in the middle of the 6th century, and by the 7th century, they possessed excellent technology for making ballista. As the importance of managing ballista grew at a time when the war between the Silla and Tang dynasty was imminent, a special committee was created.