清康雍乾时期内蒙古中西部地区山林开发与林权问题探析

An Exploitation of Mountain Forest and Forest Ownership Issues in Central and Western region of Inner Mongolia during the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods of the Qing Dynasty: Taking the Daqing Mountain and Muna Mountain

有清一代，朝廷关税来源中木税是不容忽视的一部分，因此在清廷的大力支持下，官方督办和地方社会商民自行开展的山林开发活动异常活跃。在资源开采利用的浪潮中蒙古地区尚属藩封的蒙旗山产也被砍伐运售，成为封禁态势之下的“特殊景象”。尽管学界对内蒙古中西部地区大青山、穆纳山山林的开采过程及其封禁、解禁时间的讨论颇为成熟，但关于“封禁”状态下朝廷对该地区山林开采运卖处理方式的深入讨论仍有必要。换言之，清廷为何对边疆地区厉行封禁政策的同时又容许偷伐运卖山林行为的发生，甚至官督商办伐运穆纳山的木植。另外在山场木植被开采运卖过程中，该地区山林属权以“界”或“禁”的独特占有形式出现，成为蒙古地区独有的山林权属形式，其中该地区召庙对周围山林的确权过程与地方社会或国家相较其范围更清晰，充分展现了其独特性质。

During the Qing dynasty, the wood tax was a non-negligible part of the source of customs duties of the imperial court, therefore, the nationwide mountain and forest exploitation activities carried out by both the official supervision as well as the local and social businessmen and citizens were very active. In the wave of resource exploitation and utilization, the Mongolian Banner Mountain products, which were still under the domain of Mongolia, had also been stolen and sold, becoming a “special area” under the situation of banning. There are countless discussions of different dimensions on the mining process as well as the banning and unbanning time of Daqing Mountain and Muna Mountain forests in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia. However, it is still necessary to discuss in depth about how the imperial court handled the mining, transportation and sale of the mountain forests in this area under the “blocked” state. In other words, why did the Qing court strictly impose a policy of banning the border areas while allowing the smuggling and selling of mountains and forests to occur, and even the official supervision and commercial office of felling and transporting wood plants in the Muna Mountains. In addition, during the process of mining and selling mountain wood vegetation, the ownership right of its mountain forest has gradually formed in the unique form of “boundary” or “the forbidden”, which has become a unique form of mountain forest ownership in Mongolia. Among them, the process of temples in Mongolia region confirming the rights to the surrounding mountains and forests is clearer than that of the local society or the country, which fully demonstrates its unique nature.