통도사에서의 독립 활동과 그 흔적

The Independence Activities and Vestiges in Tongdosa

통도사 승려 김구하는 외적으로 드러난 친일 행적과는 달리 임시정부에 막대한 독립자금을 지원하면서 항일운동에 적극적으로 참여하였다. 또한, 1914년 전·후로 한용운과 백초월을 통도사 강원 강사로 초빙하면서 당시 강원·학림생들에게 민족의식을 고취시키고 장차 이들을 통해 독립운동의 큰 기틀을 마련하고자 하였다. 그 결과 1919년에 일어난 3·1 운동과 신평만세운동에 이들의 가르침을 받은 후학들이 대거 참여하게 되었고 특히, 오택언과 박민오 등은 한용운과 백초월의 민족운동을 계승, 항일운동에 적극 가담하여 옥고를 치르기도 하였다. 이번에 확인한 『九河歷史』, 『聖海禪師壽宴詩』, 『歷史』 통해 통도사에서의 김구하와 한용운·백초월의 흔적은 물론, 오택언과 박민오의 흔적까지 살필 수 있었다. 또한 이들 외에 당시 항일운동을 실천했던 이름들이 기록되어 있는바, 당시 통도사 출신으로 항일운동을 펼쳤던 승려들의 흔적을 찾는데도 조금이나마 보탬이 될 것으로 보인다.

The anti-Japanese movement in Tongdosa began through Kim Gu-ha. Kim Gu-ha is a Buddhist monk who has devoted himself to national independence while enduring his sacrifice by providing a huge independence fund equivalent to 20 years of Tongdo Temple's operating budget through continuous exchanges with anti-Japanese activists. The anti-Japanese movement at Tongdosa began in 1914 when Kim Gu-ha invited Han Yong-woon and Baek Cho-wol as instructors for Tongdosa Buddhist school in time for 60th birthday party of Buddhist monk Sunghae. They represent the independence movement of Buddhism and They set out a big framework for the anti-Japanese movement in Tongdosa, which was relatively safe from the Japanese colonial rule through Kim Gu-ha's external pro-Japanese activities, as well as their efforts to train junior scholars so large numbers of monks from Tongdosa Buddhist school took the lead in the March First Independence Movement and the Sinpyeong Manse Movement in 1919. Also, Kim Gu-ha, who secretly supported the independence movement, made his name in earnest by ｢Korean Buddhist Monk Association's Declaration｣ which was released in Shanghai, China, on November 15th of the same year. Summing up this series of events, it seems that Kim Gu-ha, Han Yong-woon and Baek Cho-wol planned 1919‘s rebellions for a long time in Tongdosa around 1914. They completely separated their roles on the basis of the basic perception of training junior scholars. Kim Gu-ha provided the independent fund, Han Yong-un took practical action, and Baek Cho-wol delivered the money and promoted the national spirit through the media. And O Taek-eon and Park Min-oh, monks from Tongdosa Buddhist school, helped Han Yong-un and Baek Cho-wol respectively and went to the front of the anti-Japanese movement. We found the vestiges of when they studied in Tongdosa Buddhist school by 『Congratulatory Poem for 60th birthday of Buddhist monk Sunghae』and 『History』which were introduced in this research. And especially, the preface of 『Congratulatory Poem for 60th birthday of Buddhist monk Sunghae』 written by Baek Cho-wol was a key clue to his writing skill. Tongdosa played a pivotal role on behalf of the Buddhist community in the March First Independence Movement, so we hope the vestiges of independence activities in Tongdosa will resurface with in-depth research.