Marx’s Thought on the Relationship between Philosophy and Proletariat and Its Practical Enlightenment：Textual Analysis Based on “A Contribution to the Critique of ‘Hegel’s Philosophy of Right’: Introduction”

Marx’s Thought on the Relationship between Philosophy and Proletariat and Its Practical Enlightenment：Textual Analysis Based on “A Contribution to the Critique of ‘Hegel’s Philosophy of Right’: Introduction”

“A Contribution to the Critique of ‘Hegel’s Philosophy of Right’: Introduction” (hereinafter referred to as “Introduction”) is one of the classic works on Marx’s thought on human emancipation and an important milestone in the development of Marx’s thought in his youth. Among them, the ideas on the relationship between philosophy and proletariat is an important content of Marx’s theory of human emancipation. The Introduction takes human emancipation as the main theme throughout the text. Through criticism of religion, politics, and legal philosophy, it points out the impossibility of political liberation in Germany and the possibility of human emancipation, and proposes a path to achieve human emancipation—Philosophical theory is combined with the proletarian revolution. Philosophy and the proletariat respectively complete tasks and shoulder missions as the “spiritual weapon” and “material weapon” of the cause of human emancipation. The relationship between the two is manifested in the process of promoting human emancipation: philosophy is the “head” of human emancipation, and the proletariat is the “heart” of human emancipation. They are inseparable from each other. The proletariat without philosophy is a mob, and philosophy without proletariat is a castle in the air. Only by combining the two, turning philosophy into reality, and eliminating the proletariat, the practice of human emancipation can only have a realistic path to realization. Marx’s ideas on the relationship between philosophy and the proletariat still have important implications for the development and progress of human society today.

《<黑格尔法哲学批判>导言》（以下简称《导言》）是关于马克思人的解放思想的经典著作之一，是马克思青年时期思想发展过程中的一个重要里程碑。其中关于哲学与无产阶级关系的思想观点，是马克思关于人的解放理论的重要内容。《导言》以人的解放为贯穿全文的主线，先后通过对宗教的批判、对政治的批判、对法哲学的批判，指明了德国进行政治解放的不可能性和人的解放的可能性，提出了实现人的解放的路径——哲学理论与无产阶级革命相结合，哲学与无产阶级分别作为人类解放事业的“精神武器”和“物质武器”完成任务、肩负使命，二者的关系在推进人的解放的过程中表现为：哲学作为人的解放的“头脑”，无产阶级作为人的解放的“心脏”，互相离不开。没有哲学的无产阶级是乌合之众，没有无产阶级的哲学是空中楼阁，唯有两者结合起来，把哲学变为现实，消灭无产阶级，人的解放实践才有现实的实现路径。马克思关于哲学与无产阶级关系的思想观点对今天人类社会的发展和进步仍然具有重要启示意义。