数据安全刑法分级保护的必要性分析

Analysis on the Necessity of Classified Protection of Data Security in Criminal Law

In the era of big data, data is not only the most precious factor of production, but also the most vulnerable resource. With the rapid development of digital economy, a large number of crimes against data security began to spread. Lack of criminal law to protect data security, the data security protection system will not only be able to severely crack down on violations of data security due to the limited civil and administrative penalties, but also be limited by weak administrative power, resulting in a large number of behaviors that endanger data security can not be investigated. The uncertainty of data content, essential sharing, functional elements and other characteristics determine that it is often difficult to define data security and formulate corresponding protection schemes from the perspective of single legal interest, and it is easy to fall into the trap of not protecting data security. However, rashly using criminal law to govern data security will easily lead to limited data circulation and blocked data exchange, which is not conducive to the development of digital economy. In this regard, taking the concept of classified protection of data security as the breakthrough point, establishing a classified protection system of data security in criminal law can effectively fit the three characteristics of data, not only can it jump out of the limitation of single legal interest in the current thinking of data security governance, but also solve the dilemma of data crime governance with the advantages of differentiated management, and can also balance the relationship between data security protection and digital economy development with the advantages of refined management. Therefore, classified protection of data security in criminal law is necessary.

身处大数据时代，数据既是最宝贵生产要素，更成为了最脆弱的资源。在数字经济腾飞的同时，大量针对数据安全的犯罪行为开始蔓延。缺乏刑法对数据安全进行兜底性保护，数据安全保护体系既会因民事、行政处罚措施的有限性而无法对侵犯数据安全的行为予以严厉打击，也会囿于薄弱的行政力量而导致大量危害数据安全的行为无法得到查处。数据内容的不确定性、本质的共享性、功能上的要素性等特征决定了从单一法益角度出发对数据安全进行界定并制定相应的保护方案往往难以涵盖数据安全的全部内容，容易落入保护不周延的窠臼，而贸然用刑法治理数据安全，容易导致数据流通受限，数据交换受阻，不利于数字经济发展。对此，以数据安全分级保护理念为切入点，建立数据安全刑法分级保护体系，能够有效贴合数据的三大特性，不仅能够跳出当前数据安全治理思维中单一法益的局限性，以差异化管理的长处化解数据犯罪治理的困境，也可以以精细化管理的优势平衡数据安全保护与数字经济发展之间的关系，数据安全刑法分级保护具有必要性。