阿连德政府“社会主义道路”改革失败的原因与启示

The Reasons and Enlightenment of The Failure of The “Socialist Road” Reform of Allende Government

In 1970, Salvador Allende, leader of the Popular United Front, a left-wing coalition of political parties in Chile, won the general election through parliament and came to power in November. Due to the failure of Frei's government reform and the aggravation of the internal contradictions of the CDU, the improvement of Allende’s policy program and the wide support of the working class and the bottom people, the Allende government chose to take the “socialist road”. During his reign, Allende adopted a series of policies to safeguard national independence, sovereignty and national interests. However, the exploration of this road was forced to stop in the military coup launched by Pinochet. To explore the reasons for the failure of reform, there are internal factors, including the “People’s United Front” internal party contradictions, economic policy failure and neglect of democratic forces; There were also external factors, including the expansion of the center-right forces in Chile, the weakening of the neutrality of the military, and the hegemonic interference of the United States. To this end, from strengthening the “people’s united Front”, giving full play to the power of the people, making steady economic policies and mastering the leadership of the army, the in-depth study and judgment, and scientifically summarizing the lessons and Revelations of the failure of Allende’s socialist reform are of great significance for presenting and understanding the “socialist road” reform in Chile and even the socialist movement in Latin America.

1970 年，智利左翼政党联盟“人民团结阵线”领袖萨尔瓦多·阿连德通过议会方式在大选中获胜，于11 月上台执政。由于弗雷政府改革失败与基民党内部矛盾加剧、阿连德竞职施政纲领完善和工人阶级与底层民众的广泛支持，阿连德政府选择走“社会主义道路”。在执政期间阿连德采取了一系列维护国家独立、主权和捍卫民族利益的政策。但这一道路的探索却在皮诺切特所发动的军事政变中被迫中止。探究改革失败的原因，有内部因素，包括“人民团结阵线”内部党派矛盾加剧、经济政策失败和忽视民主力量；也有外部因素，包括智利中右翼势力趁机扩张、军队中立立场动摇和美国霸权主义干涉。为此，从加强“人民团结阵线”、发挥人民群众力量、制定稳健经济政策和掌握军队领导权等方面深入研判，科学总结阿连德社会主义改革失败的教训与启示，对于全景呈现和理解智利“社会主义道路”改革乃至拉美社会主义运动具有重要意义。