神의 交替와 權能의 强化: 宋代 皮場神 신앙의 전개와 그 특징

The Replacement and Empowerment of Deities: The Development and Characteristics of Pichang Deity Worship in the Song Dynasty

본 논문에서는 北宋과 南宋시기의 皮場神 신앙을 고찰해보았다. 피장신앙은 북송시대에 東京 顯仁坊을 중심으로 형성된 민간신앙으로, 남송대에도 行在 臨安과 주변 지역에서 널리 신봉되었다. 북송 신종과 휘종시기에는 신법당 개혁정책의 연장선상에서, 祀典登載와 封號下賜 등을 통해서 민간신앙에 대한 개입과 통제가 체계적으로 이루어진다. 국가권력의 직접적인 압박과 휘종의 비호를 받는 도교세력의 개입 하에, 피장신은 토지신에서 치유의 신으로 변화를 꾀하며 적응하였다. 12세기 초 신사철폐령의 광풍이 몰아치던 시기에는 피장묘의 신을 ‘壁鏡神’에서 ‘神農神’으로 교체하면서, 도성의 신으로 성장하였다. 金의 동경 정복으로 難民과 함께 행재 임안으로 移轉한 피장신앙은 吳山의 祖廟 외에 시내 요지에 行祠를 설치하면서 신앙권을 확장해 갔다. 피장신의 권능도 ‘치유의 신’· ‘의약의 신’에서 ‘과거의 신’, ‘명계의 신’으로 권능을 확장해갔다. 송대 피장신앙은 유교 정부의 규제와 도교의 개입 그리고 남중국을 중심으로 급속하게 전개된 사회경제적 변화 속에 도성의 신으로 주민들의 신앙의 공간이 되었다.

This study examines the belief in the Pichang deity[皮場神] during the Northern Song and Southern Song periods. The Pichang belief, a folk religion that formed around Xianrenfang[顯仁坊] in Dongjing[東京] during the Northern Song dynasty, was also widely practiced in Linan and surrounding areas during the Southern Song period. During the reigns of Emperor Shenzong[神宗] and Emperor Huizong[徽宗] of the Northern Song, intervention and control over folk beliefs were systematically carried out through the inclusion of ritual codes and the conferral of honorary titles as an extension of the reform policies of the New Laws Party. Under direct pressure from state power and the involvement of Taoist forces favored by Emperor Huizong, the Pichang deity adapted by transforming from the Land deity to a Healing and Medicine deity. During the early 12th century, when the decree to abolish unauthorized shrines was enforced, the deity of the Pichang shrine was replaced from Bijing-deity[壁鏡神] to Shennong-deity[神農神], allowing it to grow as a deity of the Capital city Dongjing[都城東京]. Following the conquest of Dongjing by the Jin dynasty, the Pichang belief was transferred to Linan[臨安] along with refugees, and it expanded its religious influence by establishing temples in key locations within the city, in addition to the ancestral temple on Wushan[吳山]. The powers of the Pichang deity also expanded from that of a “Healing deity” and “Medical deity” to include roles as a “Deity of the imperial examination” and “Deity of the underworld.” The Pichang belief during the Song dynasty became a space of religious faith for the residents of the capital, amidst the regulations of the Confucian government, the intervention of Taoism, and the rapidly developing socio-economic changes centered around southern China.