The Critical Transformation of Feuerbach's “Class Consciousness” Thought in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

《1844 年经济学哲学手稿》对费尔巴哈“类意识”思想的批判性改造

The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (hereinafter referred to as the “Manuscript”), as the last “bridge” for Marx's shift from idealism to materialism, is not only the economic work in which Marx initially studied classical economics, but also the philosophical work that critically transformed Feuerbach's “humanistic materialism”. As Engels once said, “During our period of rapid progress, Feuerbach had a greater influence on us than any other philosopher after Hegel.” Feuerbach's ideas on “the humanistic nature of religion,” “the dual life of man,” and “the consciousness of human nature” became important intellectual resources for Marx's critique of capitalism. Clarifying the theoretical origins of the manuscript is of great theoretical significance for a deeper understanding of the “alienation” category of young Marx.

《1844 年经济学哲学手稿》（以下简称《手稿》），作为马克思思想从唯心主义转向唯物主义的最后“桥梁”，既是马克思最初研习古典经济学的经济学著作，同时也是批判性改造费尔巴哈“人本唯物主义”的哲学著作。正如恩格斯所言：“在我们的狂飚突进时期，费尔巴哈给我们的影响比黑格尔以后任何其他哲学家都大。”费尔巴哈关于“宗教的人学本质”“人的双重的生活”“人的类意识”思想成为马克思批判资本主义的重要思想资源。厘清《手稿》的学理渊源，对于深入理解青年马克思的“异化”范畴具有重要的理论意义。