现代性视域中的“正义”问题探析——基于罗尔斯、哈贝马斯与马克思的视角

An Analysis of “Justice” from the Critical Perspective of Marx’s Modernity: The Dispute between Habermas and Rawls

In modern society, the modernity leads to a rupture between facts and values creating a value crisis. In the debate between Habermas and Rawls on the question of justice, Rawls argues that justice does not have to contain truth, and argues for a dualism that separates fact from value. Habermas, out of the problematic consciousness of modernity, emphasized that justice must contain truth, and he tried to transcend the dichotomy between fact and value by arguing for the universal validity of moral norms. However, from the perspective of Marx’s critique of modernity, neither Habermas nor Rawls’s mode of discussion of justice for justice’s sake can truly achieve justice. In the end, Marx pointed out a correct path to achieve justice based on historical materialism.

现代性问题集中表现为事实与价值之间的断裂及其所造成的现代社会的价值危机。在哈贝马斯与罗尔斯关于“正义”问题的争论中，罗尔斯认为，“正义”不必包含“真理”，主张事实与价值相分离的二元论。而哈贝马斯出于现代性的问题意识，强调“正义”必须包含“真理”，并通过论证道德规范的普遍有效性，试图超越事实与价值的二分结构。但是，若从马克思的现代性批判视角看，哈贝马斯与罗尔斯“为正义而谈正义”的讨论模式均无法真正实现“正义”，马克思则依据唯物史观指出了一条实现“正义”的正确路径。