The Role of Geography in the Rise and Influence of Ancient Cities: A Comparative Study of Chang’an and Rome

This article explores the role of geographical factors in the rise and influence of ancient cities through a comparative study of Chang'an in ancient China and Rome in Europe. Despite the different distances from the sea for Chang'an and Rome, both responded differently to geography and the environment. Chang'an, as the eastern terminus of the Silk Road, was a center for East-West trade, while Rome, situated in the Tiber River Valley, controlled the Mediterranean trade routes. The article analyzes how geographical factors influenced the growth, stability, and decline of these two cities, including their development, trade, policies, and environmental management, revealing the significant role of geographical factors in historical development.