乾隆年间乌鲁木齐都统辖区的州县建设与困境

The Construction and Dilemmas of Prefectures and Counties System in the Urumqi Administrator District during Qianlong Emperor Reign

In the middle of Qing Dynasty, after the new return of Xinjiang’s native land, Qianlong Emperor vigorously carried out the prefecture-county system in the regional area of Urumqi, and implemented the administrative system of military townships and prefecture-county in parallel, mainly based on the prefecture-county system. Through combing historical materials, it can be seen that the governance model of Urumqi during the Qianlong period changed greatly: Due to a series of deficit and corruption cases in Urumqi, the Qianlong Emperor's governance policy was gradually changed from vigorously developing prefectures and counties to vigorously developing military townships, hoping to avoid the drawbacks of official corruption under the prefectures and counties system. However, due to geographical restrictions and other reasons, Urumqi could not support the further expansion of military townships, and the measures to promote military townships had to be abandoned eventually. However, the situation of setting up a large number of prefectures and counties did not appear again, and the military townships and prefectures in Urumqi maintained their original scale, forming a relatively balanced state. The change of governance mode blocked the prefecture-county construction in Urumqi and delayed Xinjiang’s integration into the prefecture-county system. The prefecture-county system was not fully implemented until Xinjiang was established as a province in the decade of Guangxu Emperor.

清中期新疆故土新归之后，在乾隆帝的直接干预之下，乌鲁木齐都统辖区（下文简称“乌鲁木齐地区”）大力推行州县制，实行军屯与州县并行、以州县制为主的行政管理制度。通过对史料的梳理可知，乾隆年间乌鲁木齐地区的治理模式发生了非常大的转变：原本实行州县制度的乌鲁木齐地区，因一系列贪腐案的发生，使得乾隆帝的治理方针由之前的大力发展州县逐步转为大力发展军屯，期望通过军屯的方式避免州县体制下官员腐败的弊端。但因为地理环境限制等原因，乌鲁木齐地区无法支持军屯的进一步扩张，最终乾隆帝只能被迫放弃扩大军屯的想法。但是乌鲁木齐地区也并未出现之前大量设置州县的情况，而是军屯与州县保持原有规模，形成相对平衡的状态。治理模式的转变阻滞了乌鲁木齐地区的州县建设，延缓了全疆地区纳入内地州县制的进程，直到光绪十年新疆建省后，州县制才在全疆得到全面的推行。