早期阿尔都塞的历史哲学难题——以“起源”与“循环”为线索的文本学解读

On the Problems of Early Althusser’s Historical Philosophy—A Textology Interpretation Based on the Clue of “Origin” and “Cycle”

In Althusser’s manuscript “The Problems of Historical Philosophy” between 1955 and 1956, “origin” and “cycle” can be regarded as the key clue running through the manuscript. Along this clue, the early thought process of Althusser’s analysis of historical philosophy problems is clearly presented. “Origin” is an important object in the development of enlightenment historical philosophy. After enlightenment philosophy, Hegel proposed a scientific method for analyzing the “origin” of history and constructed a complete system of historical philosophy. Althusser believed that neither the historical philosophy of the Enlightenment period nor Hegel’s historical philosophy could grasp the problem of the “origin” of history, thus causing the narrative of historical development to fall into some kind of “cycle”. Althusser further pointed out that there is an essential difference between historical philosophy and historical science. Only Marx abandoned the analytical approach of historical philosophy and turned to analyze the social structure of a specific historical period through concrete material production relations, achieving the shift from historical philosophy to historical science. This article reveals how Althusser defended the scientific nature of historical materialism through circuitous historical philosophy in his early years and provided new thinking paths for understanding how historical materialism transcends the “origin” and “cycle” in historical texts.

在阿尔都塞1955 至1956 年间的《历史哲学的难题》手稿中，“起源”与“循环”可以被视为贯穿该手稿的关键线索。沿着这一线索，早期阿尔都塞分析历史哲学难题的思想脉络得以清晰地呈现。“起源”是启蒙历史哲学发展中的重要对象，继启蒙哲学之后，由黑格尔提出了分析历史“起源”的科学方法，并构建了完整的历史哲学体系。阿尔都塞认为，无论是启蒙时期的历史哲学还是黑格尔的历史哲学，都未能把握历史的“起源”问题，从而使历史发展的叙述陷入了某种“循环”。阿尔都塞进一步指出，历史哲学与历史科学存在本质上的差异，只有马克思摒弃了历史哲学的分析方式，转而通过具体的物质生产关系来分析特定历史时期的社会结构，实现了从历史哲学向历史科学的转向。