危险作业罪的立法意旨与教义学分析——基于法秩序统一性的视角

Legislative Intent and Legal Dogmatic Analysis of the Crime of Dangerous Operation—Based on a Legal Order Unity Perspective

The crime of dangerous operation, as a new crime added by the 11th Amendment to the Criminal Law, is an example of pre-legislative premise and a manifestation of the preventive criminal justice theory, and it is also a typical product of misdemeanor legislation and responsive legislation. In order to mitigate the overcriminalization phenomenon in judicial practice and avoid the collapse of the relative illegality theory, it is urgent to clarify the substantive connotation and the judgment methods of the “real danger” of the crime of dangerous operation. The substantive connotation of “real danger” is the high and imminent probability of endangering human safety caused by dangerous operations, which includes both “behavioral danger” and “resulting danger.” The dangerous operations that constitute administrative violations and those that constitute criminal offenses have a “qualitative difference” in illegality. Instead of a negligent dangerous crime, the crime of dangerous operation is an intentional crime which only requires a general understanding of the danger of the dangerous operation, without requiring recognition of causing a “real danger” to public safety, which is an objective condition of punishment. There is an overlapping of statutes between the crime of dangerous operation and the crime of reliability of major accident, as the crime of dangerous operation constitutes a supplementary law of reliability of major accident, while it is opposite to the crime of endangering public safety by dangerous means. There is a neutral relationship between the crime of dangerous operation and the crime of dangerous driving in transporting dangerous chemicals, which can constitute an imaginary concurrence offense.

危险作业罪作为《刑法修正案（十一）》所增设的新罪，是立法前置化的范例和预防刑法观的显证，也是典型的轻罪立法和回应型立法的产物。为消解司法上的过罪化现象和避免违法相对性的崩溃，理论上亟需明确危险作业罪中“现实危险”的实质内涵和判断方法。“现实危险”的实质内涵是危险作业行为所造成的危害人身安全的高度、紧迫的可能性，既包括“行为的危险”和“结果的危险”。构成行政违法的危险作业行为与构成刑事犯罪的危险作业行为在违法性上存在“质上的差异”。危险作业罪不是过失危险犯，其罪过形式是故意，行为人对危险作业行为的危险性大体上有所认识即可成立本罪的故意，而不要求认识到行为会造成危害公共安全的“现实危险”这一客观处罚条件。危险作业罪与重大责任事故罪之间构成补充关系的法条竞合，与以危险方法危害公共安全罪是对立关系。危险作业罪和运输危险化学品危险驾驶罪是中立关系，可以成立想象竞合犯。