从消极对待到积极提倡：刑法“但书”出罪事由反思

From Negative Treatment to Active Advocacy: Reflection on the Legalistic Doctrine of the Causes of Guilt in the “Proviso” of the Criminal Law

Conviction and exculpation have long been two important dimensions of criminal law to combat crime and protect human rights, but under the influence of traditional criminal law theories, judicial practice often ignores the reasons for criminal law crimes, resulting in the expansion of the scope of criminalization. The lack of reasons for the criminalization of the criminal law has led to the inadequacy of the criminal law system’s criminal function. While considering criminalization, judicial practice should leave room and space to make positive efforts to protect the lawful rights and interests of criminal defendants to the greatest extent. Gradually, the preconceived subjective conviction label of “criminals” is removed, and the pros and cons of the “proviso” clause of the Criminal Law are analyzed and reflected on in legal doctrine. With the principle of legality of crimes as the main line, the best path for the cause of the criminal law is sought, highlighting the dual effective functions of the criminal law in the incrimination and exculpation. In addition, the “proviso” clause is strengthened to demonstrate the fairness and justice of individual cases, and guides the judicial organs to establish a “dualistic” case-handling thinking of conviction and exculpation.

入罪与出罪长期以来作为刑法打击犯罪与保障人权的两个重要维度，受传统刑法理论影响，司法实践常常忽略刑法出罪事由，导致入罪范围一度扩张。刑法出罪事由的缺失，造成了刑法体系出罪功能的不足。司法实践在考虑入罪的同时，应对留有余地和空间对出罪事由做积极努力，最大限度的保障刑事被告人的合法权益。逐渐将“犯罪分子”先入为主的主观定罪标签予以剔除，以对刑法“但书”条款为例，在法教义学中分析和反思其中的利弊。以恪守罪刑法定原则为主线，寻求刑法出罪事由的最佳路径，凸显刑法在入罪与出罪中的双重有效功能。进而强化“但书”条款对个案公平正义的彰显，引导司法机关树立入罪与出罪的“二元化”办案思维。