语境中的阿尔都塞——文本诠释学批判

Althusser in Context—A Critique of Text Hermeneutics

Althusser’s career is characterized by a hermeneutic approach to Marx’s texts: through the three categories of Problematique, Symptom reading, Epistemological fracture, Althusser attempts to construct a Marxist interpretation as a historical science. However, although its hermeneutic methodological component is a theoretical reversal of totality and subjectivism, it introduces another pole of methodological control and objectivism. From the perspective of post-structuralism in the sense of situationism, it is precisely the shadow of objective structural metaphysics and scientism that makes Althusser’s interpretive theory always maintain a metaphysical surplus, that is, the pursuit of the authenticity of Marxism as a historical science. After Althusser, the transition from present structure to non-present context constitutes the development of textual hermeneutics. It is in this perspective that we can develop a new picture of open space towards Marxist philosophical interpretation in the context.

阿尔都塞的理论事业以对马克思文本的诠释学所展现：通过“问题式”、“症候阅读”和“认识论断裂”三个范畴，阿尔都塞试图建构一种作为历史科学的马克思主义解释。然而，尽管其诠释学方法论构件是对总体性与主体主义的一次理论反拨，却在另一方面滑向了方法论统摄与客观主义的极端。事实上，恰恰是客观结构形而上学和科学主义的阴影，使阿尔都塞的文本诠释学始终持存着一种形而上学剩余，也即对于作为历史科学的马克思主义本真性的追寻。阿尔都塞之后，从在场性结构向非在场性语境的转换，构成了朝向情境的文本诠释学的发展道路。正是在此视域中，能够拓展出一幅走向马克思文本思想诠释的开放空间与崭新图景。