세계 종교와 문화권의 양생론 비교

Comparison of regimen among world religions and cultural sphere

This paper compiles and compares the literature on health-promoting dietary practices currently practiced in the world's major religious and cultural communities. The following summarizes the main characteristics of dietary practices in different religious and cultural backgrounds and regions. In Christianity, dietary guidelines in the Old Testament (Genesis and Leviticus) are followed, with some variation depending on whether one is Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, or Protestant. Christianity allows eggs, milk, fish, and meat in the diet, and there seems to be a growing trend toward a vegetarian diet. Islam follows the dietary guidelines outlined in the Qur'an, which encourages a simple and frugal diet with halal foods. Ramadan (September in the Islamic calendar) lasts about a month and involves fasting from sunrise to sunset, during which only dinner is allowed. Hindus abstain from strong spices and foods that use them, as they interfere with a person's physical and mental performance. Dietary restrictions and attitudes vary by Hindu social class (castes). Many Hindus are vegetarians who do not eat beef. Buddhism prohibits the direct killing or consumption of living beings, although this varies by sect and region, so most follow a diet similar to that of a lacto-ovo vegetarian, which includes milk, eggs, grains, vegetables, and fruits. Some Buddhists eat fish and abstain from meat. Taoism's goal is immortality and is basically a vegetarian diet. Instead of the five grains, Taoism encourages the consumption of fresh vegetables and herbs, primarily pine needles, dates, chestnuts, and other herbs. The principle of nourishment in Taoism is to harmonize the yin and yang qi in the body. Confucianism holds vegetarianism as a tradition of discipline and is very strict about food hygiene. Confucianism emphasized the importance of personal diet and food, saying that a person's physical appearance and character can change depending on the way they live and the food they eat, and that famine and thirst can also harm a person's mind. While Shintoism does not prescribe a specific diet, harmony with nature, seasonal foods, clean preparation and consumption, and the use and sharing of specific foods at sacred events are key elements of Shinto diet. Offerings of sake, rice, and fruit at shrines are an important part of sacred ceremonies, after which it is common for worshippers to share food together. One of Japan's favorite comfort foods is eel. An unusual teaching of Sikhism is that humans are the best of God's creations and therefore can eat other animals, and thus do not necessarily follow the principle of ahimsa (non-killing) emphasized in Indian tradition. Most of the Jewish dietary laws are derived from the Old Testament, the book of Genesis, Leviticus, and Proverbs. Kosher food, which is food that is fit for Jewish consumption, requires the knowledge and supervision of an expert called a Mashgiah, and is regulated in restaurants, catering, and supermarkets to ensure 100% kosher. Zoroastrianism, the oldest religion of mankind, encouraged eating in a kosher environment, using hygienic utensils, and eating a primarily vegetarian diet. It also criticized the killing of cattle for ritual sacrifice and the consumption of drinks such as haoma (sacred alcohol). In most religions, a frugal diet of grains and vegetarian foods is recommended for physical and spiritual health. Meat preference varies by religion, but alcohol is not allowed in many religious circles. Some of the foods that have evolved in Korea as regimen and delicacies include rice, porridge, and tangs. These foods were traditionally so diverse that they are still used today as rejuvenating, restorative, and dietary foods made from grains, vegetables, ginseng, nuts, meat, fish, and shellfish.