공주 수촌리 백제고분군과 백제사 연구

A Study on the Baekje Tombs in Suchon-ri, Gongju, and Baekje History

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이 글은 공주 수촌리 백제고분군의 고고자료적 성격과 가치, 백제사 연구에 있어서의 학술적 의의 등에 대해 검토한 것이다. 수촌리유적 백제고분군은 한성후기 지방세력의 존재와 성격, 중앙과 지방의 관계를 보여주는 대표적인 고고자료이며, 475년 웅진으로의 천 도 배경을 이해할 수 있는 근거를 제공하고 있다. 피장자는 지방세력화 한 재지세력으로 경제적 군사적 기반을 가지고 있었을 뿐만 아니라 대 외교류에 적극적이었던 것으로 파악된다. 그리고 수촌리세력은 웅진기 중앙정치에 진출한 백씨세력으로 비정된다. 특히 수촌리 백제고분군은 백제사의 다양한 연구분야에 영향을 끼쳤 다. 먼저, 수촌리 백제고분군은 다양한 유형의 분묘양식이 확인되어 한 성기 금강유역 백제고분을 편년하는데 기준을 제시하였다. 그리고 수촌 리 Ⅱ지역에서 확인된 1 ･ 2호분→3호분→4 ･ 5호분으로의 순차적인 축 조 양상과 고분 출토 중국제 자기는 백제 토기와 금공품의 편년에 유용 한 사례가 되었다.

This paper examines the archaeological characteristics and value of the Baekje tombs in Suchon-ri, Gongju, and explores their academic significance in the study of Baekje history. The Baekje tombs at the Suchon-ri site are representative archaeological evidence that illustrates the existence and nature of local powers during the late Hanseong period, as well as the relationship between the central government and regional forces. These tombs provide crucial insights into the background of Baekje's Transfer of Capital to Woongjin in 475. The individuals buried here are estimated to have been part of a local power group that had not only economic and military bases but also actively engaged in foreign exchanges. Furthermore, the Suchon-ri group is identified as the Baek family, who advanced into central politics during the Ungjin period. The Baekje tombs in Suchon-ri have had a significant impact on various fields of Baekje history research. First, the discovery of various types of tomb structures within the Suchon-ri Baekje tombs has provided a basis for establishing a chronology of Baekje tombs along the Geum River during the Hanseong period. Additionally, the sequential construction pattern observed from Tombs 1 and 2 to Tomb 3, and then to Tombs 4 and 5 in the Suchon-ri II area, along with the Chinese ceramics unearthed from these tombs, has proven useful for dating Baekje pottery and metalwork. Research on the nature of the individuals buried in the Suchon-ri Baekje tombs, as well as the characteristics of the power that constructed them and their political relationship with the central government, has deepened our understanding of local powers during the Baekje period. It has also shed light on the process of the state's expansion into regional areas and the methods used for governing these regions. Studies on the existence and role of the forces that constructed the Suchon-ri Baekje tombs provide essential insights into the political foundations of Baekje’s noble class and the background behind the relocation of the capital to Ungjin. The shovels and horse armour among the artifacts unearthed have contributed to understanding the development of rice paddy agriculture, the military nature of local power groups, the introduction and dissemination of horse gear in Baekje, and the chronological framework of these items. Additionally, various ritual-related structures, such as altar facilities, single-feature ritual structures, and facilities used for ceremonies after the tombs were constructed, have provided important data for studying local funerary practices in Baekje.