Analysis of Air Quality: A Case Study of Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂) in Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia

Air pollution in Ulaanbaatar is strongly influenced by climatic conditions. During the cold season, air pollution, particularly sulfur dioxide (SO₂), rises significantly, posing serious health risks to residents. This situation directly contradicts Mongolia's constitutional right to live in a healthy and safe environment. The concentration of SO₂ in Ulaanbaatar during the cold season is 3-4 times higher than the standard limit. SO₂, known for its distinct and pungent odor, can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath and dizziness within 10-15 minutes of exposure. The primary sources of SO₂ are attributed to coal combustion and vehicle emissions. Research indicates a strong correlation between the number of traditional stoves in residential areas and the average concentration of SO₂ (r = 0.97). Conversely, the adoption of improved stoves is linked to a significant reduction in SO₂ levels (r = -0.49). The average air temperature in Ulaanbaatar plays a critical role in influencing SO₂ and other air pollutant concentrations. A 1°C increase in the city’s average air temperature results in a 3.52 μg/m³ decrease in SO₂ levels. On the other hand, each additional day of dust storms contributes to a 2.76 μg/m³ increase in SO₂ concentration. Sulfur dioxide is a significant contributor to health-related issues in Ulaanbaatar. A 2 μg/m³ increase in SO₂ concentration is associated with three additional pneumonia-related deaths. Forecasts for 2025 predict that the average concentration of SO₂ in Ulaanbaatar will reach 135 μg/m³ in the first quarter, decreasing to 107 μg/m³ by the fourth quarter.