老年教育“1+2+X”协同模式研究——以湖北省老年教育发展状况的调研为例

Research on the “1+2+X” Collaborative Model of Elderly Education: A Case Study on the Development of Elderly Education in Hubei Province

In recent years, China has made significant strides in improving policies and social service systems aimed at the elderly population, thereby enhancing their sense of fulfillment and well-being. However, as the aging population continues to grow, challenges remain in terms of social integration, cultural and psychological support, with some elderly groups still experiencing social isolation. This study investigates the implementation, regional practices, and challenges of elderly education policies through a mixed-methods approach (literature analysis and in-depth interviews) in Hubei Province, a representative aging region in central China. The findings indicate that Hubei has achieved extensive coverage of elderly education services by establishing a four-tier educational network (province-city-county-township), advancing digital platforms, and implementing national-level initiatives. Nevertheless, structural constraints persist, including fragmented management systems, insufficient open educational resources, urban-rural resource imbalances, and weak policy implementation. To address these challenges, this study proposes a “1+2+X” collaborative governance model: “1” (provincial-level coordinating bodies) drives policy integration and cross-sector collaboration; “2” (senior universities and community education systems) deepens integration to deliver standardized curricula at the grassroots level; “X” (diverse social entities, including enterprises, NGOs, and elderly care institutions) participates in constructing community learning hubs. This model facilitates the structural alignment of educational services with elderly care needs. The study provides theoretical insights for optimizing lifelong learning systems in aging societies and practical pathways to resolve the “scale-quality” paradox, advance intergenerational solidarity and promote the sustainable development of all-age inclusive societies.

近年来，中国针对老年人群体的政策法规与社会服务保障体系持续完善，老年人口的获得感与幸福感显著提升。然而，随着老龄化程度不断加深，老年人在社会融合、精神文化需求及心理健康支持方面的缺口依然显著，部分老年群体仍面临“社会孤立”困境。本研究以中国中部典型老龄化省份湖北省为案例，通过混合研究方法（文献分析、深度访谈等），系统探讨老年教育政策的实施成效、区域实践经验与现存挑战。研究发现，湖北省通过构建“省-市-县-乡”四级教育网络、推进数字化平台建设、打造国家级品牌项目等举措，初步实现了老年教育服务的广覆盖。然而，其发展仍受限于管理体制的碎片化、开放教育资源供给不足、城乡资源配置失衡以及政策执行效力的弱化。对此，本文提出“1+2+X”协同模式：以省级统筹机构为核心驱动（“1”），推动老年大学与社区教育体系的深度融合（“2”），并鼓励多元社会主体（包括企业、非政府组织及养老机构）参与基层学习点建设（“X”），促进教育服务与养老需求的结构性整合。本研究为老龄化社会背景下优化终身学习体系、破解“规模-质量”失衡问题提供了理论依据，也为推动代际共融、实现全龄友好型社会的可持续发展提供了实践启示。