Does Gender Equality or Gender Inequality Lead to Population Growth?

In modern society, the deep embedding of state power and market exchange has given rise to greater social stratification and market surplus, granting men more advantages over women and leading to more severe inequalities compared to pre-modern society. In pre-modern society, women bore greater responsibilities and obligations toward their communities and families, while also exerting a certain degree of control over communal resources and even influencing men. This structure contributed to a reproductive scale that aligned with the needs of the community and family. However, modern society has gradually lifted the traditional obligations imposed on women within the family and community. Against the backdrop of increased social mobility and the greater advantages men hold over women, avoiding long-term relationships has become a strategic choice for women, which serves as a deeper underlying reason for the decline in modern marriage rates. Ultimately, this has led to the challenge of sustaining population growth in modern society.