7세기 동아시아의 격변기와 天智天皇

A Study on the Cataclysmic period of East Asia in the 7th Century and Tenji Tenno

본고는 7세기 동아시아의 격변기에 일본 왕권의 중심에 있었던 天智天皇에 대해 고찰한 논문이다. 전반적으로 天智의 등장에서부터 改新政權 실상과 백촌강 전투의 전개 및 近江 천도, 대외 관계 등 天智 시기의 흐름과 변화상을 살펴보았다. 통상적으로 天智天皇은 ‘乙巳의 變’과 大化改新의 주동자이며 大化改新 이래 중앙집권적 국가체제의 수립에 진력했던 律令國家의 창시자로서 알려져 있다. 하지만 본고에서 살펴본 결과 ‘乙巳의 變’과 大化改新의 주동자는 지금까지 알려진 天智가 아니라 孝德임을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 天智朝에 제정되었다는 近江令의 경우도 8세기말 天智系의 왕통이 부활한 이후에 창출되었던 것으로써 天武가 제정했던 飛鳥淨御原令이 近江令으로 대체되었을 가능성이 크다. 따라서 天智가 律令國家 창시자라는 이미지 또한 후대에 창출된 것으로 판단된다. 그럼에도 불구하고 7세기라고 하는 동아시아 격변기에 있어서 동아시아 최초의 국제전에 참여했던 天智는 백촌강 전투의 패전 이후 甲子의 宣 시행, 近江 천도, 최초의 전국적 호적인 庚午年籍 작성 등을 통해 새로운 체제의 모색을 꾀했다. 결국 天智는 후대 율령체제 구축의 단초를 열었던 인물로 평가할 수 있을 것이다.

This paper examined Tenji Tenno, who was at the center of the Japanese royal during the cataclysmic period of East Asia in the 7th century. Overall, from the advent of Tenji, the reality of the new regime, the development of Battle of the Baekchon River, the relocation of the capital to Oumi, and foreign relations etc., the flow and changes of Tenji period were examined. In general, Tenji is known as the main leader of the ‘Ishi incident(乙巳의 變)’ and Taika Reforms, and as the founder of Nation under the Ritsuryo codes, which has devoted itself to the establishment of a centralized state system since the Taika Reforms. However, as a result of examining it in this paper, it was confirmed that the main leader of ‘Isshi incident’ and Taika Reforms was Gotoku, not Tenji, which has been known so far. In addition, Omi Code which was enacted during the Tenji period, was created after the revival of the Tenji clan at the end of the 8th century, and it is highly likely that Asuka Kiyomihara Code enacted by Tenmu was replaced by Omi Code. Therefore, it is believed that the image of Tenji as the founder of Nation under the Ritsuryo codes was also created in later generations. Nevertheless, Tenji, who participated in East Asia's first international war during the cataclysmic period of East Asia in the 7th century, sought to find a new system by implementing Kashi no sen(甲子の宣), the relocation of the capital to Oumi, and writing the first nationwide family register after the defeat of the Battle of the Baekchon River. In the end, Tenji can be evaluated as a person who opened the foundation for the establishment of the system of the Ritsuryo codes.