미국 해양포유류보호법(MMPA)과 수산물 수출 - 국제무역과 환경보호의 법적 균형

MMPA and Seafood Exports : Legal Balance Between International Trade and Environmental Protection

The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) is a key regulation balancing international trade and environmental protection, impacting seafood exports worldwide. It requires exporting countries to meet strict environmental standards, restricting seafood imports if compliance is not achieved. One of the most notable cases is the Vaquita case in Mexico, where the U.S. imposed seafood import bans due to bycatch issues in illegal Totoaba fishing. This regulation led to significant economic losses, demonstrating the conflict between trade and environmental policies. For South Korea, the United States is the second-largest seafood export market, accounting for $479 million in exports in 2024. As the 2026 MMPA enforcement deadline approaches, Korean seafood exporters must develop bycatch reduction technologies and strengthen compliance measures. The extraterritorial application of the MMPA raises concerns under WTO trade principles, requiring strategic responses to mitigate trade risks. This study examines the MMPA’s legal framework, its impact on international seafood trade, and implications for South Korea. By analyzing the Mexican Vaquita case, it highlights the need for global cooperation and integrated policy solutions. Despite its contributions, the study has limitations, including a focus on a single case and limited quantitative data on economic and environmental effects. However, it provides insights into the challenges of balancing trade and environmental conservation. Future research should explore policy alternatives, comparative case studies, and industry adaptation strategies to align economic and ecological goals.