马克思主义与中国具体实际相结合的艰难历程——以1927 年到1930 年中国共产党对革命道路的探索为例

The Difficult Process of Integrating Marxism with China’s Concrete Realities:A Case Study of the Chinese Communist Party’s Exploration of the Revolutionary Path from 1927 to 1930

The integration of Marxism with China’s concrete realities has been a difficult process. After the failure of the Great Revolution, from 1927 to 1930, the Chinese Communist Party’s exploration of China's revolutionary path vividly exemplified this arduous journey. During this period, the Communist International provided China’s revolution with much impractical guidance. Due to a lack of revolutionary experience, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China had a superficial understanding of China’s complex society and an unclear and leftist-leaning perception of fundamental issues such as the revolutionary situation, developmental stages, and revolutionary methods. As armed uprisings broke out across various regions, a group of Communist Party members, represented by Mao Zedong, shifted to the countryside after facing setbacks, establishing revolutionary bases, launching agrarian reforms, and expanding the Red Army. This process deepened their understanding of Chinese society and their reflections on the revolutionary path. Through the arduous exploration of many Communist Party members, by 1930, both the Communist International and the CPC Central Committee began to recognize the significance of rural revolutionary bases and the Red Army. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the people gradually embarked on a revolutionary path suited to China’s national conditions—the strategy of encircling the cities from the countryside. The integration of Marxism with China's concrete realities thus progressed from an unconscious adaptation to a conscious strategy.

马克思主义与中国具体实际相结合是一个艰难的历程。大革命失败后，从1927 年到1930 年，中国共产党对中国革命出路的探索过程就是这一艰难历程的鲜明例证。在此期间，共产国际给中国革命带来了许多不切实际的指导，中共中央由于革命经验的不足，对复杂的中国社会认识肤浅，对中国革命的形势、发展阶段、革命方式等基本问题的认识和判断都存在模糊不清并带有“左”倾错误的问题。随着各地武装起义的爆发，中共党人在起义遭受挫折后转入农村建立根据地，开展土地革命，发展红军，同时也加深了对中国社会状况的了解和对革命出路的思考。在众多中共党人的艰辛探索下，到1930 年，从共产国际到中共中央开始重视农村根据地和红军的作用，中国共产党领导人民开始走出了一条适合中国国情的农村包围城市的革命道路，马克思主义与中国具体实际相结合逐步地由不自觉走向自觉。