A Spatio-Temporal Based Study to Develop An Emission Database

The global shipping industrymoves about 80% of goods worldwide but contributes nearly 3% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other pollutants. A key challenge in reducing these emissions is accurately understanding and quantifying them. This study focuses on quantifying CO₂, NOx, and SOx emissions from tankers, container ships, bulk carriers, and general cargo vessels operating in the Republic of Korea. Using a spatio-temporal bottom-up approach, emissions were calculated based on ship engine activity, fuel type, and operational modes, with GIS used to map spatial emission distribution. Findings reveal significant variation in emissions depending on vessel type, size, and operating mode. CO₂ emissions were the highest at 10.5 million tons, followed by NOx at 179,355.2 tons and SOx at 32,505.1 tons. Tankers were the largest contributors (43.3%), followed by containers (33.1%), bulk carriers (17.3%), and general cargo (6.3%). Emissions were most substantial during hoteling and cruising compared to maneuvering and reduced speed zones. The study contributes to the avialable emission databases and supports development of tragted emission control policies.