Scenario Design for Collision Avoidance of Remotely Controlled Ships under Time Delays

The development of technologies for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships has highlighted time delay in remote control as a significant challenge, especially in collision avoidance scenarios. To address this, it is crucial to design ship-handling scenarios and gather relevant data to support further research. This study introduces an experimental framework utilizing the Kongsberg K-SIM full-mission ship-handling simulator to facilitate future evaluations of maneuvers affected by time delays. Simulations were conducted under four different time delays (0 seconds, 30 seconds, 60 seconds, and 90 seconds) in a give-way situation. Key navigational parameters, including position, heading, and speed, were defined, leading to a series of simulations. Consequently, an experimental procedure was established encompassing scenario design, parameter settings, and participant operations. The simulation trials produced approximately 60 million time-series data points, creating a substantial database for future research. This study lays a solid foundation for modeling collision avoidance actions, analyzing ship maneuvering behavior under delayed remote control, and developing effective control strategies.