《德意志意识形态》分工概念辨析

Analysis of the Concept of Division of Labor in The German Ideology

Within the context of The German Ideology, the “division of labour” as a historical category possesses not only a narrow connotation pertaining to the subject, but also a broad content referring to social structure. It signifies not merely the division within the total social labour, but also embodies the contradiction between common and particular interests; it is the distribution of the conditions of labour, the products of labour, and even social power. Under specific historical conditions, it represents the ossification of modes of activity and the one-sided development of individuals—structural inequality, the domination of things over persons—and it also defines what the real individual is. The development of the division of labour accompanies structural transformation; the division of labour in class society leads to alienation. The logic of capital centrally reflects the trend of mediation arising from the development of the “instruments of production—division of labour”. Thoroughgoing social revolution requires eliminating the division of labour as its essential component. In contemporary China, practicing the elimination of the division of labour entails adjusting relations of interest to achieve voluntary division of labour, increasing free time to promote all-round development, and harnessing capital by strengthening the leadership of the Party and coalescing cultural forces.

在《德意志意识形态》的语境中，作为历史范畴的“分工”不仅有关切主体方面的狭义内涵，而且有指涉社会结构的广义内容。它不仅是社会总劳动中的分工，而且包含着共同利益与特殊利益的矛盾，是劳动条件、劳动产品乃至社会权力的分配；在特定历史条件下，它是活动方式的固化和个人发展的片面化，是结构性的不平等，是物对人的统治，还规定着现实的人之所是。分工的发展与结构变迁相伴随，阶级社会的分工导致异化，资本的逻辑演绎着中介化的趋势，彻底的社会革命以消灭分工为要件。在当代中国，实践消灭分工就要调整利益关系以实现自愿分工，增加自由时间以促进全面发展，通过强化党的领导和凝聚文化力量来驾驭资本，在接续奋斗中展开“共产主义”。