한ㆍ몽 언어 학습자를 위한 현대몽골어 복합 과거시제의 한국어 대응표현 연구 - ‘과거 기준시의 과거(과거의 과거)’를 중심으로

A Study on the Korean Corresponding Expressions of the Modern Mongolian compound past tense for Korean-Mongolian language learners : Focusing on the ‘Past in Past Reference Time Point (Past in the Past)’

This study examines the types, composition, meaning, and function of the ‘compound past tense’ in modern Mongolian. Based on this analysis, it compares and contrasts the corresponding past tense expressions in Korean. The study specifically focuses on the expressions of the ‘past in past reference time point(past in the past, past perfect, etc.)’ among the compound past tenses of modern Mongolian, based on the compound predicate-final ending forms of Mongolian sentences. Similar to Korean, the compound tenses in Mongolian are used to more appropriately and effectively express complex temporal relationships or aspects of a situation(such as actions and resulting states) that are difficult to convey with single verbs or simple predicates alone. They also express intricate modalities, including the speaker’s subtle mental state or intention. The ‘past in past reference time point(past in the past)’ forms among the compound past tense expressions of the two languages fundamentally differ. While Korean typically takes the form of ‘verb stem + pre-final ending + pre-final ending + final ending’ /e.g., -asseossda(-았었다), -assdeola(-았더라), -eosseossda(-었었다), -eossdeola(-었더라), -yeosseossda(-였었다), -yeossdeola(-였더라), etc./, Mongolian has a form like a complex auxiliary verb construction, such as ‘verb stem + tense attributive connective ending + auxiliary verb stem + tense final ending or tense attributive connective ending’ /e.g., -san4 bailaa(-сан4 байлаа), -san4 baiv(-сан4 байв), -san4 baijee(-сан4 байжээ), -san4 baisan(-сан4 байсан) etc./. However, these forms in both languages don’t solely convey the ‘past in past reference time point(past in the past)’ meaning. They also simultaneously express a complex range of tense-aspect-modality meanings, such as ‘past perfect,’ ‘past experience,’ ‘past recollection,’ ‘disconnection from the past,’ and ‘reconfirmation of the past.’ This semantic overlap represents a point of similarity between Mongolian and Korean.