The maxillary vein: an anatomical narrative review with clinical implications for oral and maxillofacial surgeons

The maxillary vein, despite its clinical significance, remains underexplored in anatomical literature. It plays a crucialrole in venous drainage of the maxillofacial region and is closely associated with surgical procedures such as sagittal split ramusosteotomy, mandibuloplasty, and condylar or parotid surgeries. Due to its variable anatomy and proximity to critical structures,the maxillary vein poses a risk of significant hemorrhage if injured. Its small size and deep location make preoperativeidentification challenging, especially without contrast-enhanced imaging. Embryologically, the maxillary vein originates fromthe primitive maxillary vein and develops through complex anastomoses with other craniofacial veins. Anatomical studies haverevealed several variations, including the presence of accessory mandibular foramina and unusual venous connections, whichmay increase surgical risk. Understanding the detailed anatomy and potential variations of the maxillary vein is essential forminimizing complications and improving surgical outcomes. Despite its importance, more anatomical and clinical research isneeded to better define its course, variations, and implications in oral and maxillofacial surgery.