What Influences the Utilization of Personal Protective Equipment in Construction? Insights Derived from Factor Analysis and a Systematic Review

This meta-analysis explores the primary reasons why construction workers are aware of and use personal protective equipment (PPE). It identifies common themes and dimensions in the literature by applying factor analysis and synthesizing evidence. Key underlying factors were found: management and supervision, employee attitudes and beliefs, and training and awareness. These factors explain much of the variation in PPE usage and behavior. The findings highlight that safety compliance in construction is complex and influenced by organizational enforcement, individual perceptions, and education. This study enhances understanding of occupational safety management and offers a theoretical foundation for creating more effective safety programs. Results also stress the importance of leadership commitment in promoting a positive safety climate and encouraging consistent PPE use. Additionally, the synthesis indicates that incorporating cultural and behavioral aspects into training can greatly improve compliance and the long-term adoption of safety practices.