A Theory-Driven Conceptual Framework for Sport-Based Multi-Service Social Interventions

Purpose: This study proposes a conceptual framework to explain the effectiveness of a sport-based multiple-services social intervention program. Specifically, it explores how sport can be used to integrate sport activities with traditional social intervention services to solve school violence. Research design, data, and methodology: Based on an extensive literature review, the framework is structured around key program components—inputs, activities, outputs, and constraints—drawing on program evaluation theory. Sport is viewed as a tool to engage and retain youth populations that are often difficult to reach through conventional interventions. In doing so, sport can serve to alleviate constraints that hinder the effectiveness of the overall intervention process. Results: Through this study, it was suggested that in order for sport activities to be used as one of the general social intervention programs, sport activities must be designed to solve the constraints that affect the overall factors of the program. Conclusions: The proposed conceptual framework is grounded in systems view and decision-oriented evaluation models. It emphasizes the importance of contextual factors, the logical linkage between program activities and outcomes, and the integrative potential of sport. This framework not only enhances the practical effectiveness of multi-component programs but also offers a theoretical basis for designing and evaluating sport-based social interventions in the future. Insights for future studies were discussed.