《德意志意识形态》与《资本论》中不同的社会发展理论——以分工为切入点

Different Social Development Theories in The German Ideology and Das Kapital：Focusing on Division of Labor as the Entry Point

Although both The German Ideology and Das Kapital start from the perspective of division of labor to describe the development process from feudal society to capitalist society, their understandings of the social development model are quite different. The German Ideology constructs an ultimate goal of historical development and discusses how history should evolve based on abstract theories. For this reason, “progress in productive forces” is proposed as a supra-historical human economic rationality, and the development of society becomes the result of the development of productive forces. Das Kapital, however, focuses on the social property relations in which specific economic behaviors occur and, by examining the specific historical development process, denies any supra-historical economic rationality and historical phenomena. The revolution of productive forces and the continuous progress of their development are no longer regarded as a pre-existing driving force but as the result of social changes and development.

《德意志意识形态》和《资本论》虽然都从分工出发，描述封建社会到资本主义社会的发展历程，但二者对于社会发展模式的理解却有很大不同。《德意志意识形态》构造出了一个历史发展的终极目的，并根据抽象的理论去论述历史应该如何发展。为此“生产力进步”作为一种超历史的人类经济理性被提出，社会的发展成为了生产力发展的结果。《资本论》则关注具体经济行为所处的社会财产关系，并通过对具体的历史发展过程进行考察，否认了任何超历史的经济理性和历史现象。生产力的变革及其持续进步的态势，不再被看作是一种先在的推动力，而是社会变化和发展的结果。