事件域認知模型(ECM)視角下的反義複合詞內部語義屬性研究

Research on Internal Semantic Attributes of Antisense Compound Word from the Perspective of Event-domain Cognitive Model(ECM)

This paper takes 264 antonym compound words collected in Modern Chinese Dictionary (Seventh Edition) as the research object. Firstly, this paper classifies and counts antonym compound words according to the part of speech of antonym compound morphemes, and found that the whole part of speech of antonym compound words and the part of speech of word-building morphemes are basically the same, only part of them lead to the phenomenon of the conversion and concurrent conversion, which is mainly created by semantic conversion and grammatical conversion. Secondly, according to the relationship between the meaning of the morpheme and the word, antonym compound words can be divided into additive type, partial (meaning) type, extended type and transferred type. In the meanwhile, this paper mainly uses the Event-domain Cognitive Model(ECM), the intrinsic metaphor and metonymy mechanism to explain the part-of-speech conversion and meaning change of antonyms. Applying ECM to have cognitive analysis of part-of-speech conversion and semantic changes of antonym compounds can not only help learners to use antonym compound words more accurately, but also verify the explanatory power of ECM cognitive model to part-of-speech conversion and semantic changes.

本文以《現代漢語詞典(第七版)》為檢索對象，搜索出264個反義複合詞，並以此為語料，根據構詞語素的詞性等對其進行分類統計。發現反義複合詞的整詞詞性和構詞語素的詞性基本相同，只有一部分發生了轉類、兼類現象。這主要是通過語義轉指和語法轉類實現的。其次，根據反義複合詞內部構詞語素義和詞義的關係，將其分為加合型、偏義型、擴展型和轉移型，其中加合型數量最多，轉移型次之，偏義型最少。同時，本文主要結合語境，運用事件域認知模型(ECM)及內在的隱喻、轉喻機制，對反義複合詞的詞類轉換和詞義變化進行闡釋。研究結果表明，ECM對反義複合詞的研究具有較強的解釋力，不管哪類反義複合詞都可結合語境運用ECM、轉喻和隱喻機制對其分析。其中，加合型的語義形成是一個靜態行為，沒有發生語義的變化，但部分詞性發生轉換，語法功能也有所改變。偏義型又可細分為固定型及語境型，其實質都是詞義範圍縮小，即整體指代部分。與之相反的是，擴展型則是發生了語義範圍的擴大，即部分指代整體。轉移型一般會產生引申義與比喻義，引申義的形成主要是同一事件域中部分指代部分的轉喻機制，比喻義的形成主要是基於兩個不同事件域間的相似性，即用另一事件域E1來替代原來的事件域E的隱喻機制。運用事件域認知模型(ECM)對反義複合詞詞類轉換和語義變化進行認知分析，不僅有利於幫助學習者更準確地使用反義複合詞，更可進一步驗證ECM理論對詞類轉換和詞義變化的解釋力。