原汾州府域内晋语方言阴阳平的近似合并

On the Yinping-Yangping Merger of the Jin Dialects Spoken in the Former Fenzhou Prefecture

We carried out a series of fieldwork in central Shanxi, investigating the Jin dialects spoken in Fenyang (Yanwu Town), Pingyao, Jiexiu, and Xiaoyi, which were affiliated to the former Fenzhou Prefecture in Ming and Qing dynasties. The results of the analysis of the first-hand acoustic data we collected and the statistical verification reveal that there seems to be a near merger between Yinping and Yangping in these Jin Chinese varieties. In Pingyao, Jiexiu, and Xiaoyi Jin, the F0 value of MC Qingping characters is consistently lower than that of MC Zhuoping characters; In Yanwu Fenyang Jin, the difference in phonation has also been additionally confirmed, with MC Qingping characters always being articulated with weak stiff voice, while MC Zhuoping characters being normal voice. The new findings of this paper enrich the examples of the theory of near merger in the field of tonology. Especially, the “passive contrast” between MC Qingping and MC Zhuoping in Yanwu Fenyang Jin is of typological significance. The “passive differentiability” of the native speakers of Yanwu Fenyang Jin could also contribute to the further subdivision of near merger as one certain developmental phase. In addition, these findings also provide important clues for the regional reconstruction of the phonology of Jin Chinese spoken in central Shanxi.

笔者对位于山西中部、明清时期属汾州府的汾阳(演武镇)、平遥、介休、孝义四地的晋语方言进行了田野调查，通过对一手语音资料的声学分析及统计学验证，发现了该区域方言存在阴、阳平近似合并的现象。平遥、介休、孝义三地方言中的古清平字与浊平字之间存在一贯显著的基频值差异，呈现出“清低浊高”的格局；汾阳演武镇方言在此基础上还存在发声态的差异，古清平字的发音伴随弱僵声的发声态，古浊平字则为常规的冽嗓音。本文的发现丰富了近似合并理论反映在声调领域内的实例，尤其是汾阳演武镇晋语中特殊发声态引起的古清平、浊平字声调之间的“消极对立”具有类型学意义，其母语者“被动区分”的语感模式也可成为进一步细分近似合并各发展阶段的参考标准之一；此外，还为山西中部的晋语语音史重构提供了重要线索。