基于理想化认知模型的韩汉语反预期标记“-다니”与“竟然”的语义对比研究

A Comparative Study on the Semantics of Counter-Expectation Markers “-tani” and ‘Jingran’ in Korean and Chinese based on Idealized Cognitive Model

This paper mainly from the cognitive perspective, with the help of the Idealized Cognitive Models（ICM） and the ‘three domains’ theory proposed by Sweetser, the expected semantic types of the typical counter-expectation markers ‘-tani’ and ‘Jingran’ in Korean and Chinese, and the characteristics embodied in the three levels of ‘content aspect’, ‘epistemic modality’, ‘speech acts’ are analyzed in detail, and the following conclusions can be drawn initially. In terms of the characteristics of the counter-expectation marks ‘-tani’ and ‘Jingran’ in Korean and Chinese, these two expressions indicate self counter-expectation, other counter-expectation, and abnormal counter-expectation all indicate that the objectively occurring events deviate from or contradict the Idealized Cognitive Models（ICM）of speaker, the other, and common sense. The subjectivity of the other’s ICM is stronger than the other two types. In terms of characteristics of the specific ‘three domains’, when the three main types are represented by ‘content aspect’, the Chinese ‘Jingran’ is stronger than the Korean ‘-tani’ in highlighting the finality of an event. When the three main types are represented by ‘epistemic modality’, Korean ‘-tani’ has a strong evidentiality, implying that the subject has a strong possibility of conjecturing events, while the Chinese ‘Jingran’ has a relatively weak evidentiality, implying that the subject has a relatively weak possibility of conjecturing events. When the three main types are represented by ‘speech acts’, the Korean ‘-tani’ mainly conveys information to the listerner or the general community, while the Chinese Jingran’ reflects a relatively single communicative interaction. In addition, this paper initially analyzes the reasons for the above similarities and differences from the diachronic and synchronic planes. In terms of diachronism, Korean ‘-tani’ is closely related to the category of citation, developed with the help of grammatical mechanisms such as reanalysis, and Chinese ‘Jingran’ has has developed counter-expectation semantics through semantic bluring. In terms of synchronicity, the evidentiality category, ‘three domins’(modalities), and expectation categories are closely related, and there is a relationship of mutul influence and transformation, showing the development trend of ‘cognitive modality→evidentiality category→communication category’.

本文主要从认知视角，借助理想化认知模型以及Sweetser提出的“三域”理论对韩汉语典型反预期标记“-다니”和“竟然”的预期语义类型以及在“行域”、“知域”、“言域”三个层面体现的特点进行具体分析，初步可得出如下小结：在韩汉语反预期标记反预期标记“-다니”和“竟然”的特点来看，两者表示自反预期、他反预期、反常理预期时皆表示客观发生的事件与言者、他者、一般常理的理想认知模型偏离或相悖，其中他反预期类型中的理想化认知模型主观性相较于其他两种类型更强，在具体“三域”的特点方面三种主要类型皆呈现表“行域”时，汉语“竟然”对事件完结性的突显强于韩国语“-다니”，表“知域”时，韩国语“-다니”具有较强的传信功能，蕴涵了交际主体对相关事件有较强的推测可能性，汉语“竟然”的传信功能相对较弱，交际主体对相关事件推测的可能性低，表“言域”时，韩国语“-다니”主要是将信息传递给听者或一般社群，而汉语“竟然”体现的是相对单一的交际互动关系。此外，本文初步从历时和共时平面对两者产生上述异同的动因进行了分析。历时方面，韩国语“-다니”与引用范畴关系密切，借助重新分析等语法化机制发展而来，汉语“竟然”通过语义虚化发展出反预期语义；共时方面，传信范畴、“三域”（情态）、预期性之间关系密切，存在相互影响转化的关系，呈现出“认识情态→传信范畴→预期范畴”的发展趋势。