汉语即将体标记“要”的语法化研究

A Study of the Grammaticalization of the Chinese Proximative Marker ‘YAO(要)’

The proximative marker ‘YAO(要)Prox’ appears frequently in modern Chinese, but the function of ‘YAO(要)Prox’ hasn’t been fully investigated, especially the grammaticalization process of ‘YAO(要)Prox’. This paper first analyzes the functions and lexical properties of ‘YAO(要)Prox’ and the usage of ‘YAO(要)Prox’ from the Song Dynasty to Modern times, and then examines the grammaticalization process of ‘YAO(要)Prox’. The results of the examination are as follows: First, ‘YAO(要)Prox’ appeared in the Song Dynasty. The usage of ‘YAO(要)Prox’ matured in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and began to be widely used in modern times. Second, the grammaticalization process of ‘YAO(要)Prox’ can be divided into two stages. The first stage is the emergence of [S(agent)+YAO(要)Prox+V(volitional/non-volitional)] construction in Song Dynasty. The second stage is the emergence of [S(agent/patient)+YAO(要)Prox+V(volitional/non-volitional)/Adj+了] construction in Ming Dynasty. Third, the motivation for the grammaticalization of ‘YAO(要)Prox’ can be explained from the perspective of ‘the abnormal collocations of conventional structure’. The conventional structure formula of ‘YAO(要)Aux-dynamic’ is [S(agent)+YAO(要)Aux-dynamic+V(volitional)], in which YAO(要) is not grammaticalized. However, when the semantic role of the subject co-occurring with ‘YAO(要)’ changes (i.e., agent→patient) and the predicate changes (i.e., the volitional verb→the non-volitional verb), the structural formula in which ‘YAO(要)’ is located is no longer the conventional structure formula. Thus, ‘YAO(要)’ is grammaticalized under this specific structure. Fourth, in the second stage, ‘YAO(要)’ evolves into a proximative marker. When ‘YAO(要)’ alone as a proximative marker is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the dynamic modality auxiliary verb, the co-occurrence of ‘YAO(要)’ and ‘LE(了)’ strengthens the proximative function of ‘YAO(要)’.

即将体标记“要Prox”频频出现在现代汉语中，但对于“要Prox”功能的考察并不充分，尤其是对于“要Prox”的语法化过程的研究并不多见。本文首先分析了“要Prox”的功能与词性，以及“要Prox”在宋～现代时期的使用情况，然后又对“要Prox”的语法化过程进行了考察。考察结果如下： 第一，“要Prox”出现于宋代。明清时期“要Prox”的用法逐渐成熟，到了现代才开始广泛使用。 第二，“要Prox”的语法化过程可分为两个阶段。第一阶段：宋代[S(非施事)+要Prox+V(自主/非自主)]结构的出现；第二阶段：明代[S(施事/非施事)+要Prox+V(自主/非自主)/Adj+了]结构的出现。 第三，“要Prox”的语法化动因可从“常规结构式的超常组合”的角度来解释。“要Aux-动力”的常规结构式为[S(施事)+要Aux-动力+V(自主)]，在此结构式中“要”不会发生语法化。但当与“要”共现的主语语义角色发生变化(即施事主语→非施事主语)，和述语发生变化(即自主动词→非自主动词)时，“要”所在的结构式就不再是常规结构式了。于是“要”在这种特定的结构下发生了语法化。 第四，到了第二阶段“要”演变为成熟的即将体标记。“要”单独作为即将体标记有时难与意志情态助动词区分，由此“要”与“了”共现强化了“要”的即将体功能。