明清时期即将体构式“S+adv+V/A+了”考察——兼论“了”的即将体功能

A Study on the 'S+adv+V/A+了' Construction of Proximative Aspect in the Ming and Qing Dynasties: A discussion on the Proximative Aspect Role of '了'

This study discusses the usage of the proximative aspect construction ‘S+adv+V/A+le(了)’ in late modern Chinese and also discusses the function of ‘le(了)’ as an proximative aspect marker. The inspection results are as follows: Firstly, the formation of ‘S+adv+V/A+le(了)’ should have occurred after the Yuan Dynasty, and its usage in foreign Chinese books during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was not very high. Its development and evolution during the Ming and Qing Dynasties showed an increasing trend, with the frequency change being: 25 cases (35.2%) in the Ming Dynasty > 46 cases (64.8%) in the Qing Dynasty. Secondly, the adverb ‘jiu(就)’ was used most evenly in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Although ‘yao(要)’ started entering the proximative aspect construction as an adverb in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, it only showed an overwhelming trend and appeared in large numbers during the middle and late Qing Dynasty. Adverbs like ‘dai(待)2 cases’, ‘daiyao(待要)2 cases’, and ‘jiang(将)4 cases’ were rarely used in the proximative aspect construction during the Qing Dynasty, and even ‘jiangci(将次)0 case’ has disappeared. The reason is likely that these adverbs were gradually replaced by ‘yao(要)’. The commonly used modern Chinese adverb ‘kuai(快)’ appeared only once in ‘Hongloumeng(红楼梦)’, and there were no cases of ‘kuaiyao(快要)’. Therefore, the present draft considers that ‘kuai(快)’ came before ‘kuaiyao(快要)’, and that ‘kuaiyao(快要)’ appeared by adding ‘yao(要)’ after ‘kuai(快)’. Thirdly, there are four sources of adverbs in the proximative aspect construction, namely: derived from auxiliary verbs, originally indicating future time, added by the adverb ‘jiu(就)’ before the proximative aspect marker ‘yao(要)’, and evolved from adjectives. Adverbs in the structure ‘S+adv+V/A+le(了)’ are mainly derived from auxiliary verbs, with the highest frequency of usage for ‘yao(要)’, while the cases derived from the adjective ‘kuai(快)’ not only appeared later but also had the lowest frequency. Fourthly, in modern Chinese, ‘le(了)3’ together with time adverbs constitutes the proximative aspect construction ‘S+adv+V/A+le(了)’. the proximative aspect construction indicates that a certain action or event is about to happen in a short or longer period of time, and it generally appears in the description sentence and has predictable characteristics.

本稿探讨了近代汉语后期即将体构式“S+adv+V/A+了”的使用情况，并同时讨论了“了”的即将体标记功能。考察结果如下： 第一，“S+adv+V/A+了”形成应该是在元代之后，而且明清时期的域外汉籍中使用的频率也不是很高。它在明清时期的发展演变呈增长的趋势，频率变化为：明代25例(35.2%) > 清代46例(64.8%)。 第二，明清时期副词“就”的使用最为均匀；“要”虽然在明代中后期开始以副词的身份进入到即将体构式中，但是直到清代中后期才呈压倒性趋势开始大量出现。清代“待2例”、“待要2例”、“将4例”等副词在即将体构式中的使用频率是非常低的，甚至“将次0例”已经消失不见，原因很可能是这些副词逐渐被“要”所代替。现代汉语即将体构式里常用的副词“快”只在《红》中出现了1例，而却没有出现“快要”的例子，所以本稿推测先有“快”后有“快要”，并初步认为“快要”是在“快”后添加“要”出现的。 第三，即将体构式中的副词有四种来源，分别是：由助动词演变而来的；表示将来的时间副词；副词“就”添加在即将体标记“要”的前边而来的；由形容词演变而来的。“S+adv+V/A+了”结构中的副词主要是由助动词演变而来的，“要”的使用频率最高；由形容词“快”演变而来的情况不仅出现得最晚，而且频率最低。 第四，现代汉语中的“了3”与时间副词一起构成即将体构式“S+adv+V/A+了”(adv=要/快(要)/就(快/快要))，即将体构式表示某一动作、事件在短时间内即将发生，或者也可以表示在较长的时间内即将发生，它一定出现于陈述句当中，具有可预测性的特点。