이 논문은 동아시아(한중일)의 종족과 언어에 대한 유전학적 연구와 유전학, 고고학, 언어학을 융합한 계통분류학적(phylogenetic) 연구가 이 지역 언어의 관계 규명에 어떤 도움을 주는지를 검토한 내용이다. 유전학 논문으로 HUGO(2009)와 Wang et al.(2021)을 검토한 결과 유전학적 친소도가 언어의 계통 분류에 결정적인 역할을 하지 못한다고 보았다. 또 Zhang M.(2019), Sagart L.(2019), Zhang H.(2020)의 원시한장어에 대한 계통분류학 연구가 원시한장어의 분파 시점과 지점에 대하여 서로 다른 결론을 도출한데 대한 문제점을 제기하였다. 또 Robbeets M.(2021)가 쌀농업의 전파와 한일어조어의 분파를 결합하여 도출한 시점이 고고학적 증거와 다른 문제점도 지적하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 원시한장어의 분파 지점과 시점이 한일조어의 분파 지점 및 시점과 상이한 점에서 중국어와 한국어는 서로 다른 계통에 속하는 언어로 보아야 한다고 주장하였다.
This article raises questions about recent genetic and phylogenetic studies on East Asian people and languages from a historical linguistic perspective. Contrary to the claims made by HUGO (2009), genetic affinity may not closely correlate with linguistic affinity in East Asian languages. Recent phylogenetic studies on Sino-Tibetan languages, conducted by Zhang MH et al. (2019), Sagart et al. (2019), and Zhang HZ et al. (2020), have reached slightly different conclusions regarding the derived time and homeland of Proto Sino-Tibetan languages. It is questionable why the same Bayesian method they employed led to different derived dates, ranging from approximately 8000 to 5871 years BP. The phylogenetic research on so-called “Transeurasian” languages by Robbeets et al. (2021) proposes that the broomcorn millet farmers in the West Liao River existed approximately 9000 years BP as the ancestors of the speakers of Transeurasian languages. Japano-Koreanic languages are believed to have originated from the West Liao basin approximately 5458 years BP. Millet farmers migrated to the Korean peninsula by 6500 years BP. Later, rice-cultivating farmers migrated to the peninsula around 3500 years BP and eventually to Japan around 600 years later. However, archaeological studies, cited by Jang and Mun (2022), point out that rice agriculture began much earlier than 3500 years BP in Korea. The rice seeds excavated in the peninsula date as early as 5000 and 3970 years BP. In addition, Robbeets et al. (2021) indicate 6500 years BP as the time when the millet farmers moved to the peninsula. Since it is approximately 1000 years before the split of Japano-Koreanic, it is questionable what language they spoke before the split and why such a split took place after migration. Robbeets et al. (2022) need to clarify all these questions. While genetic and phylogenetic studies can certainly provide valuable insights into historical linguistics, it is evident that further adjustments in methods and more refined data analyses are desirable at this point.
1. 머리말
2. 유전학
3. 계통분류학
4. 맺음말
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