现代汉语双音节副词充当定语的句法现象分析

Analysis of the Syntactic Phenomenon of Disyllabic Adverbs in Modern Chinese Functioning as Attributive Modifiers

The 《新汉语水平考试大纲(HSK)》 includes 230 adverbs, of which 148 are non-category disyllabic adverbs. Through individual search, it was discovered that time adverbs such as “历来、曾经、向来、立即、预先、刚刚” and scope adverbs such as “就近” can enter the structure “adverb+的+X” to function as attributive modifiers. Adverbs expressing “quantity” semantics like “几乎、将近、恰巧、刚刚、一共、至少” can also function as attributive modifiers of numeral phrases. Based on this linguistic phenomenon, the paper primarily discusses the commonality of implicit predicates, and then explores the mechanism of adverbs functioning as attributive modifiers from the perspectives of the activation of temporal adverbs and the expression of “quantity” semantics. This can be summarized as follows: 1) When adverbs enter the structure “Adverb+的+X” to function as attributive modifiers, implicit predicates can be inferred: when the head modified by the adverb can serve as a non-objective verb argument, the verb “have” expressing existence can be inferred, with the light verb being “BE” indicating a state; when the head modified by the adverb can serve as a non-patient verb argument, the verb “do” expressing action can be inferred, with the light verb being “DO” indicating an agentive action. It is worth noting that these heads can have [+time] and [+change] semantics activated under the activation of temporal adverbs, corresponding to the temporal adverbs. 2) Adverbs that can modify numeral phrases all have the semantic function of expressing “quantity”, and can be placed before numeral phrases to function as attributive modifiers, or placed before predicates to function as adverbials. In other words, these adverbs, while fulfilling their basic role as adverbs placed before predicates to function as adverbials, can also be placed before numeral objects to function as attributive modifiers in order to emphasize the “quantity” scope.

《新汉语水平考试大纲(HSK)》收录了230个副词，其中148个为非兼类双音节副词，本文通过逐一搜索发现时间副词“历来、曾经、向来、立即、预先、刚刚”和范围副词“就近”等副词能进入“副词+的+X”结构充当定语；“几乎、将近、恰巧、刚刚、一共、至少”等表示“量”语义的副词可以充当定语修饰数量词组。基于这种语言现象，本文重点讨论了隐含谓词的共性，然后从时间副词的激活以及表“量”语义等角度探讨了副词能够充当定语的机制，概括如下。 1）当副词进入“副词+的+X”结构充当定语时，这些副词后面可以补出隐含的谓语：当受副词修饰的中心语可以成为非宾格动词的论元时，可以补出表示存现的动词“有”，轻动词为表示状态的BE；当受副词修饰的中心语可以成为非作格动词的论元时，可以补出表示行为的动词“做”，轻动词为表示施事行为的DO。值得注意的是这些中心语在时间副词的激活下可以出现[+时间]、[+变化]语义，与时间副词相呼应。 2）能够修饰数量词组的副词，均有表示“量”的语义功能，可以置于数量词组之前充当定语，也可以置于谓语之前充当状语，其语义指向均为数量词。也就是说这些副词，作为副词的本分职责置于谓语前充当状语，还可以为了突显“量”的范围，可以置于数量词组前充当定语。