处所类非受事宾语的语法化与认知语义特征 ― 以“在”处所类为中心

Grammaticalization and Cognitive Semantic Features of Locative Non-patient Objects - Focused on the “Zai” Locative Phrase

This paper uses cognitive grammar to analyze the locative non-patient object sentences such as “to have meals in a cafeteria” and “to sleep in a big bed”. Most of these non-patient object sentences can be transformed into “Zai” locative phrases. Through the analysis of its grammaticalization, we can know that except for a few new non-patient object sentences, the source of most of the sentences is the “Zai” locative phrase. At the same time, through the semantic comparison between the non-patient object structure and the “Zai” locative phrase, this paper briefly summarizes the limited conditions of their mutual transformation and the cognitive semantic characteristics of the non-patient phrase. When the “Zai” locative phrase is used before the verb, the object of “Zai” only has spatial meaning. When this noun is used as a non-patient object after a transitive verb, other non-spatial meanings are activated by the verb, showing both spatial meaning and a new concept related to the semantics of the verb. The non-patient object sentences which use intransitive verbs can be transformed into “Zai” locative phrases. At this time, the spatial meaning of the non-patient object is not as strong as that of the “Zai” locative phrase, but the semantic functions of the non-patient object are diverse, which can not only make a complete event, but also express the spatial meaning.

本文从认知语法的角度分析了以“吃食堂”、“睡大床”等处所类非受事宾语为代表的句式，此类非受事宾语大都可以转换成“在”处所句。我们通过对其语法化的分析，证明除少数新生的非受事宾语句外，多数此类句式的来源是“在”处所句。同时，本文通过对非受事宾语结构与“在”处所句的语义比较，从认知角度简单归纳了其相互转换的受限条件，以及非受事短语所具有的认知语义特征。“在”处所句用于动词前时，其后的宾语名词仅具空间义，而当此类名词用于及物动词后充当非受事宾语时，非空间域的各种其他语义被激活，既呈现空间义，又呈现出与动词语义相关的一类新概念。非及物动词后的非受事宾语句可任意转换为“在”处所句，此时非受事宾语所表现出的空间义不如“在”处所句强，但此类非受事宾语的语义功能呈多样化，即可以完善整个事件，又可表空间义。