“无A无B”与“没X没Y”的比较研究

Comparative Analysis of “Wu A Wu B” and “Mei X Mei Y”

This article takes “Wu A Wu B” and “Mei X Mei Y” two structures as the object, and analyzes the characteristics of the constituent elements of these two structures. First it analyzes the lexicographic meaning of the invariant “Wu” and “Mei”, then it analyzes the parts of speech of variables, the number of syllables and the number of variables. This article also analyzes the format characteristics of these two structures from three aspects: In terms of syntax, it mainly examines the distribution of syntactic positions. In terms of semantics, it mainly examines the format meaning of the two structures，and in terms of pragmatics it mainly examines the stylistic colors of these two structures and their economical and productive features. Finally, the article puts forward three suggestions for teaching Chinese as a foreign language based on the historical development trends of the two structures: The first suggestion is to classify teaching based on the interchange of the two structures; The second is to strengthen the teaching of Chinese expressions corresponding to the Korean language “A 도 없고 B도 없다”; The third is to strengthen the teaching of related structures such as “You～You～”―“You～Wu～／You～Mei～”; Fourthly, when designing teaching content, make effective use of the many grammatical features of the two structures. The analysis in this article is based on real language materials, so the descriptions of many characteristics of the two structures can more objectively reflect their true use in real life. Based on this, the teaching suggestions should be able to serve as a reference in teaching Chinese as a foreign language.

本文以无音节限制的“无A无B”和“没X没Y”这两个结构为对象，首先对两个结构的构成要素特征做了考察，梳理分析了“无”和“没”的词典释义，比较了变项的词性、音节数量和个数及变项间的语义关系。本文又从句法、语义、语用三方面对“无A无B”和“没X没Y”这两个结构的格式特征进行了考察，主要分析了它们的句法位置分布情况、整体格式意义、体现的语体色彩、结构的经济性和能产性等。最后本文结合二者的动态变化态势，就“无A无B”和“没X没Y”的对外教学提出了三点可行性建议: 一是强化与韩语“A도 없고 B도 없다”相对应的汉语表达方式的教学; 二是加强对“无～无～／没～没～”―“有～有～”―“有～无～／有～没～”这类相关结构的整合教学; 三是选择教学对象及设计教学内容时，要尽量突显“无～无～／没～没～”的诸多典型语法特征。本文的分析建立在真实的语言材料基础之上，有关“无A无B”和“没X没Y”的诸多语法特征描写能够较为客观地反映其在现实生活中的真实使用面貌，依此提出的三点建议在对外汉语教学中会起到一定的参考作用。