“無害”詞性、詞義以及相關問題探究

A Study on the Classification and the Meaning of the Chinese Word “Wuhai”

Dangdai Hanyu Cidian, Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian, and others argue that “Wuhai” is a verb and has the meaning of “Meiyou Weihai huo Haochu”, but l do not agree with them. Xing Fuyi insists that it is very useful to study verbs if we divide them into intransitive verbs and transitive verbs. When the term “Wuhai” has the meaning of “Meiyou Weihai huo Haochu”, it does not take objects at all, Therefore l argue that “Wuhai” is not a transitive verb. When it comes to intransitive verbs, Gao Gengsheng, Tan Dezi, Wang Liting claim that intransitive verbs are only words that are related to descriptions of behavior or action. That is to say, all intransitive verbs are related with action or behavior. However, “Wuhai” is not related with either action nor behavior. Consequently, l argue that it is not an intransitive verb. On the other hand, “Wuhai” seems to only just describe things or events while simultaneously standing side by side with adjectives. As a result, l argue that “Wuhai” is an adjective. lnterestingly enough, “Wuhai” can also take objects. This means that it can function in the role of a transitive verb. However, when it does this, it does not have the meaning of “Meiyou Weihai huo Haochu” but the meaning of “Dui..........Meiyou Weihai huo Haochu”

動詞可以分析爲及物動詞和不及物動詞。“無害”不能帶賓語，可見它不是及物動詞;“無害”也沒有動作、行爲性，這證明它也不是不及物動詞, 因此, “無害”動詞說是値得商榷的。 另外, 有的“無害”在句中與“無害於”具有聚合關係, 這種“無害”的意思實際上與“無害於”相同。因此, 我們推測“無害”可能有兩種不同的意思及兩種不同詞性。 我們的結論如下: 1.《當代》、《規範》等詞典都認爲“無害”是動詞, 而動詞可以再細分爲及物動詞與不及物動詞。“無害”具有“沒有危害或害處”的釋義時, 它不能帶賓語, 故它不是及物動詞, 形容詞與 不及物動詞都能充當述語, 它們之間的主要差異是不及物動詞具有動作、行爲性而形容詞沒有這種特徵。“無害”不具有動作、行爲性, 故它這時也不是不及物動詞。 2. “有/無+抽象名詞”結構都具有形容、描寫事物或事情的性質、狀態的功能, 故它具有形容詞性, 實際使用中“無害”與形容詞發生並列關係的例子很多, 且與形容詞“有害”構成反義詞關係。可見“無害”此義下是述賓式形容詞。 3. “無害”除了 形容詞的詞性之外還有及物動詞的詞性, 這時裏面隱含着“於”, 相當於“對....無害”或“無害於”。其釋義是“對……沒有危害或害處”。 4.一般認爲“無害”與“有害”之間有反義詞關係。依據我們的硏究, “有害”是形容詞與及物動詞的兼類詞, “無害”也是形容詞和動詞的兼類詞。嚴格來講，形容詞“有害”與形容詞“無害”之間有反義詞關係，而及物動詞“有害”與及物動詞“無害”之間有反義詞關係。