从多视角考察近义情态动词表达认识情态的异同 — 以“要”和“会”为中心

Observing the Differences of Epistemic Modality of Polysemy Modal Verbs “Yao/Hui” from Multiple Perspectives

This paper discusses the differences of the polysemy modality verb “yao/hui” from four aspects on expression of epistemic modality. The biggest difference between the two is that “yao” is based on the perceived symptoms of direct experience, while “hui” can express speculation based on direct experience, but most of them are based on logical reasoning and their focus is on reasoning. First of all, “yao” is usually co-occurring with a highly dynamic predicate component in a declarative sentence, and “hui” can coexist with a dynamic predicate as well as a static predicate. The subject that co-occurs with “yao” must be definite subject, and “hui” is not subject to this restriction. Second, from the perspective of “evidentiality”, “yao” is based on the perception of impending events, making it easier for the speaker to judge the individual events with changes around it; “hui” is based on some logic. The above speculation, even if there is no perception of a situation that is about to change in front of the eye, can also express the speaker‘s judgment on the state of affairs still in the imaginary world. Third, “yao” often co-occurs with the aspect particle “le” because it expresses a possible state of affairs with strong characteristics of change and urgency. “hui” cannot co-exist with “le” because it has a strong “un­realistic” semantic feature that expresses the epistemic modality. When “yao”expresses epistemic modality alone, its meaning is often uncertain. Therefore, it is often necessary to have the aid of “classification” function “de”at the psychological level of the speaker, and “hui” even if there is no “de”, it will not affect the meaning of its expression of epistemic modality. Finally, based on the corpus survey, we find that the ratio of “yao” to express negative events is much higher than that of “hui.” This paper considers that this is the phenomenon caused by the urgency of time in “yao”.

本文从四个方面讨论了多义情态动词“要/会”表达认识情态的异同。两者最大的区别特征是：“要”是基于直接体验所感知到的征兆，而“会”虽然也能表达基于直接体验的推测，但多数是基于逻辑性的推理，其着眼点在于推理的依据与可能要发生的事态之间的逻辑关系。 首先，“要”在陈述句中通常与动态性较高的谓语成分共现，而“会”既可以与动态性谓语也能与静态性谓语共现。与“要”共现的主语必须是定指的，“会”则不受这种制约。 第二，从“传信性”的视角看，“要”基于感知到即将发生的事态的征兆，使说话者对周围带有变化的个别事态的判断较为容易；“会”则基于某种逻辑上的推测，即使是对眼前某个即将发生变化的事态没有感知，也可以表达说话者对仍然停留在假想世界的事态的判断。 第三，“要”常与句尾“了”共现，是因为它表达的“可能发生的事态”带有强烈的变化特征以及紧迫性的倾向。“会”不能与“了”共现，是因为它具有强烈的表达认识情态的“非现实性”语义特征。“要”单独表达认识情态时，其意义往往是不确定的，因此时常在说话者的心理层级上需要具备“分类化”功能的“的”的辅助,而“会”即使没有“的”的辅助，也不会影响它表达认识情态的意义。 最后，我们基于语料调查发现“要”表达消极事态的比率远远高于“会”，本文认为这是“要”所具有的在时间上的紧迫性意义所致。