《齐民要术》“V得~”与“V不~”的特征及发展关系研究

The Features and Developments of “V+de~” and “V+bu~” Structures in Qi Min Yao Shu

The “V得~” and “V不~” are two kinds of different developing structures in Qi Min Yao Shu. These two structures are interrelated and mutual to each other. Syntactically, both of them are from the Serial Verb Construction, from Ancient Chinese, and all are Grammaticalizing, but the point and the degree of the grammaticalization are different. The “de” in the “V得~” depends on a verb and gradually grammaticalizes. In this process, the most used case of “de” is used as possibility in Qi Min Yao Shu. It can provide some syntactical basics for the definite formula of Potential Complement, but the syntactical collocation of “de” and the content after it, is still not perfect. The content after “bu” in the “V不~” structure gradually grammaticalizes too. “bu” and “V” make a relatively stable syntactical position for the “bu”. But the fact that other contents can also enter this position, shows that “V不C” structure is still not stable. Semantically, both of the structures have an “action-result” meaning relationship. “de” and “bu” all can both direct the whole of the event-“V+~”. Additionally, all can express the possibility of the event and provide some semantical conditions for the formation of the Potential Complement. But the semantical feature of the result meaning, which was directed by the “de”, is still not perfect. In the meantime, the “bu” in the “V不~” can be used in unknown contexts to show a possibile meaning, and can also be used in known contexts to show a result meaning which is expected. It shows the meaning relationships of both structures that are not perfect. Pragmatically, all of them have the same pragmatical structure “structure center - expression core”, which is suit for the pragmatical requirement of the Potential Complement. But the function of the pragmatics is not perfect because of the developing syntactical conditions and semantical conditions.

句法上，它们都来自上古汉语时期的连谓结构，而且都发生了语法化，但各自语法化的角度和程度不同。“V得~”中“得”逐渐虚化，并依附在行为动词之后，以表可能性的助词出现的用例最多，这就为可能补语肯定式“V得C”的形成提供了一定的句法基础，但它与其后内容之间的句法搭配还不完善。“V不~”中“不”之后的内容逐渐虚化，并与“V”共同为“不”的介入提供了一个相对稳定的句法位置，但其它成分也可能介入的这一事实表明该时期的“V不C”结构还不稳定。语义上，它们都内含有“行为-结果”语义关系，语法化开始后，表可能性的“得”与“不”都可指向“V+~”这一事件，表达该事件实现的可能性，这就为可能补语的形成提供了必需的语义条件。但“V得~”中表可能的“得”所指向的结果义内容在语义特征上还不完善，“V不~”结构中“不”可同时用于未然语境中的可能义和已然语境中的预期结果义，这表明两种结构的语义关系都不成熟。语用上，它们都含有“结构中心-表达重心”式语用结构，该结构符合可能补语的语用要求，但因各自句法、语义上的不成熟使得其语用功能也不完善。