'以'의 의미 파생 및 문법화

Semantic derivation and grammaticalization of yǐ 以

This paper probes the semantic development and grammaticalization of yǐ 以. From the pre-Qín period yǐ has been involved in multiple semantic values and grammatical functions. Yǐ is a frequent word in the early texts, but it is not always easy to grasp all the connections among the derivative meanings. Investigation on the semantic development of yǐ will a) benefit the understanding of diachronic change of the Chinese language, b) provide a model for Chinese historical semantics, and c) aid in the precise understanding of the texts. The present paper argues that the original meaning of yǐ is ‘to take up something with the hand’. The diverse semantic values such as ‘to reach at hand’, ‘to arrive’, ‘to accompany’, ‘to lead or guide’, ‘to carry along’, ‘to use (instrument)’ were derived from the original meaning and the meanings ‘to rely on’, ‘to be based on’ were derived from ‘to use’. On the basis of the derived semantemes, yǐ has grammaticalized into function words such as adpositions, pronouns, and conjunctions. When yǐ is used adpositionally it can indicate means or method of doing something as well as reason or basis, and it also can restrict the range (time, target, and direction) of predicate. Used as pronouns yǐ not only can serve as demonstrative pronoun ‘this’ but also can serve as interrogative pronouns ‘what’ and ‘where’. As a conjunction yǐ can be used to link cause and effect, method and purpose, modifier and modified, and the parallels. Besides the semantic grounds, the syntactic structure in which yǐ is used also decisively affected the development. When the verb yǐ frequently occurs with another verb and form a serial verb construction, the syntactic structure of this kind yields the condition for development into an adposition. The pronominal usage probably has been grammaticalized from the nominalized yǐ which indicates reliable objects. The nominalized yǐ itself has the function of summarizing concrete features in one word, which is similar to the function of pronouns. Furthermore yǐ has developed into interrogative pronoun just as other pronouns of Chinese. The usage of connecting cause and effect comes from the adpositional usage of marking reason; linking method and purpose has been grammaticalized from the adpositional usage of indicating method. In the process of the semantic change, the omission of object zhī 之 in relation to the adposition yǐ played a central role. Connecting modifier and modified is a result of the change from the conjunction yǐ that connects method and purpose. The usages of conjunction and parallel juxtaposition are basically related to the meaning ‘to accompany’. Moreover the present paper considers the parallelism between the semantic development of yǐ and that of jí 及 which is perhaps from the meaning ‘to arrive’.

本文旨在探討「以」的語義發展及其虛化過程。自從先秦時期「以」具有豐富的語義及語法作用，其多樣的滋生義之間的關係有時不易掌握。探討其語義發展有助於瞭解漢語的歷史，亦可提供漢語詞義學研究的例子。不僅如此，「以」在早期文獻中出現的比率相當高，對「以」的探究亦有助於文獻的正確解讀。 本文認為「以」的本義為「用手提挈事物」。以此本義為基礎，「以」滋生出「及於手」、「到達」、「伴隨」、「率領」、「攜帶」、「使用（工具）」等意思，也從「使用」義，又滋生出「依靠」、「根據」等義。以這些滋生義為基礎，「以」又虛化為介詞、代詞、連詞等虛詞。作為介詞時，「以」可表示手段或方式、理由或根據，並可限制謂語的範圍（時間、對象、方向等）。「以」作為代詞時，它不但可擔任指示代詞（相當於「這」、「這個」）的角色，亦可作為疑問代詞（相當於「什麼」、「哪裡」）。作為連詞時，「以」可連接因果關係、手段-目的關係、修飾-被修飾關係、並列關係。 「以」之所以能夠虛化為介詞，除了其本身的語義基礎外，句法結構也起了決定性作用。一個句子裡動詞「以」常與其他動詞聯合出現（連動式結構），如此的句法結構提供「以」發展為介詞的環境。 指示代詞的用法可能從名詞化的「以」虛化而來。名詞化的「以」表示可靠的事物，本身含有把具體內容總括為一詞的作用，其性質與代詞有類似之處。此外如同漢語中的不少指示代詞一般，指示代詞「以」也進一步發展為疑問代詞。 連接因果關係的連詞用法是從表示理由的介詞用法虛化而成。連接手段-目的關係的用法是從表手段或方式的介詞用法進一步虛化而來，如此的詞類轉換過程中，介詞「以」的賓語「之」的省略起了關鍵性作用。連接修飾-被修飾關係的用法是從連接手段-目的用法再進一步虛化的結果。連接詞與詞之間並列關係的用法，基本上與「以」的「伴隨」義有關。此外考量到與「及」的語義發展平行關係，它也有可能是從「到達」義虛化而成。