现代汉语副词和句尾“了”共现的条件及限制

The Conditions and Limitations of the Co-occurrence of Adverbs and ‘le’ in Modern Chinese

In this paper, we discuss the conditions and limitations of the co-occurrence of adverbs and the sentence final ‘le’ in modern Chinese. We first sort out the grammatical nature of sentence-final ‘le’, and then describe the phenomenon of co-occurrence of adverbs and ‘le’. Through this analysis, we find that those adverbs that can be used to describe a change in situation can appear together with ‘le’， whereas those that can only be used to describe the current state of things or situation cannot appear together with ‘le’. However, even if there is a change of situation, ‘le’ needs to be omitted when the direction of the change is different from the expected direction of the speaker that is revealed by the adverb. Therefore, the co-occurrence of adverbs and ‘le’ is not only related to changes of situation, but is also restricted by the cognitive expectations of the speakers.

本文主要讨论现代汉语副词与句尾“了”共现的条件及限制。文中首先整理了句尾“了”的语法性质，然后对副词与“了”的共现现象进行描写，通过分析发现一般能用于描述事态变化的副词才可以与句尾“了”共现；只能用于描述事物现时状态而不能反映事态变化的副词一般不能直接与句尾“了”共现。但是，即使事态发生变化，当事态变化方向与句中副词所反映的说话者的主观评价方向相反时，“了”仍需要隐去。因此，句尾“了”的隐现不仅与事态变化与否有关，也会投射到人的内心，受到心理标准的限制。